Oligodendroglioma medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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===Chemotherapy=== | ===Chemotherapy=== | ||
*[[Chemotherapy]] is [[Indication (medicine)|indicated]] as [[adjuvant therapy]] for [[oligodendroglioma]]<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid9776413">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Lisle DK, Finkelstein DM, Hammond RR et al.| title=Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 1998 | volume= 90 | issue= 19 | pages= 1473-9 | pmid=9776413 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9776413 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23071247">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J et al.| title=Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 337-43 | pmid=23071247 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2674 | pmc=3732012 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23071247 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23071237">{{cite journal| author=van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJ, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MC, Delattre JY et al.| title=Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 344-50 | pmid=23071237 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2229 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23071237 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28263309">{{cite journal| author=Mohammad F, Weissmann S, Leblanc B, Pandey DP, Højfeldt JW, Comet I et al.| title=EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target for H3K27M-mutant pediatric gliomas. | journal=Nat Med | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 483-492 | pmid=28263309 | doi=10.1038/nm.4293 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28263309 }} </ref> | *[[Chemotherapy]] is [[Indication (medicine)|indicated]] as [[adjuvant therapy]] for [[oligodendroglioma]]<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid9776413">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Lisle DK, Finkelstein DM, Hammond RR et al.| title=Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 1998 | volume= 90 | issue= 19 | pages= 1473-9 | pmid=9776413 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9776413 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23071247">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J et al.| title=Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 337-43 | pmid=23071247 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2674 | pmc=3732012 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23071247 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23071237">{{cite journal| author=van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJ, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MC, Delattre JY et al.| title=Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 344-50 | pmid=23071237 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2229 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23071237 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28263309">{{cite journal| author=Mohammad F, Weissmann S, Leblanc B, Pandey DP, Højfeldt JW, Comet I et al.| title=EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target for H3K27M-mutant pediatric gliomas. | journal=Nat Med | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 483-492 | pmid=28263309 | doi=10.1038/nm.4293 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28263309 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Oligodendroglioma]] responds better to chemotherapy than astrocytoma of comparable grade<ref name="pmiddoi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> | *[[Oligodendroglioma]] responds better to [[chemotherapy]] than [[astrocytoma]] of [[Comparability|comparable]] [[Grading (tumors)|grade]]<ref name="pmiddoi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> | ||
*Oligodendroglioma is the most chemosensitive of all the [[glioma|glial tumors]]<ref name="pmid3382171">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR| title=Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1988 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 360-4 | pmid=3382171 | doi=10.1002/ana.410230408 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382171 }} </ref> | *[[Oligodendroglioma]] is the most chemosensitive of all the [[glioma|glial tumors]]<ref name="pmid3382171">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR| title=Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1988 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 360-4 | pmid=3382171 | doi=10.1002/ana.410230408 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382171 }} </ref> | ||
*Symptomatic, aggressive, enlarging, enhancing, and non-anaplastic oligodendrogliomas respond better to [[chemotherapy]]<ref name="pmid1641113">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR, Ramsay DA| title=Aggressive oligodendroglioma: a chemosensitive tumor. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1992 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-82 | pmid=1641113 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1641113 }} </ref> | *[[Symptomatic]], aggressive, enlarging, [[Enhancer (genetics)|enhancing]], and non-[[anaplastic]] [[oligodendrogliomas]] respond better to [[chemotherapy]]<ref name="pmid1641113">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR, Ramsay DA| title=Aggressive oligodendroglioma: a chemosensitive tumor. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1992 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-82 | pmid=1641113 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1641113 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Temozolomide]] ([[Temodar]]) is the preferred drug for the treatment of oligodendroglioma<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref> | *[[Temozolomide]] ([[Temodar]]) is the [[Preferences|preferred]] [[drug]] for the [[Treatments|treatment]] of [[oligodendroglioma]]<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref> | ||
*[[PCV regimen|PCV 3 regimen]] is the preferred combination chemotherapy for [[anaplastic|anaplastic oligodendroglioma]] which includes the following dosing schedule:<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid12107116">{{cite journal| author=Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J et al.| title=Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 313-9 | pmid=12107116 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1 | pmc=PMC1850690 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12107116 }} </ref> | *[[PCV regimen|PCV 3 regimen]] is the [[Preferences|preferred]] [[Combination therapy|combination]] [[chemotherapy]] for [[anaplastic|anaplastic oligodendroglioma]] which includes the following [[dosing]] [[Schedule I|schedule]]:<ref name="rx">Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid12107116">{{cite journal| author=Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J et al.| title=Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 313-9 | pmid=12107116 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1 | pmc=PMC1850690 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12107116 }} </ref> | ||
**[[CCNU]] is administered on day 1 | **[[CCNU]] is administered on day 1 | ||
**[[Procarbazine]] is administered daily for 14 days beginning on day 8 | **[[Procarbazine]] is administered [[Daily Med|daily]] for 14 days beginning on day 8 | ||
**[[Vincristine]] is administered on days 8 and 29 of each 6-week cycle of therapy<ref name="pmid7407756">{{cite journal| author=Levin VA, Edwards MS, Wright DC, Seager ML, Schimberg TP, Townsend JJ et al.| title=Modified procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV 3) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. | journal=Cancer Treat Rep | year= 1980 | volume= 64 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 237-44 | pmid=7407756 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7407756 }} </ref> | **[[Vincristine]] is administered on days 8 and 29 of each 6-week [[Cycle (gene)|cycle]] of [[therapy]]<ref name="pmid7407756">{{cite journal| author=Levin VA, Edwards MS, Wright DC, Seager ML, Schimberg TP, Townsend JJ et al.| title=Modified procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV 3) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. | journal=Cancer Treat Rep | year= 1980 | volume= 64 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 237-44 | pmid=7407756 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7407756 }} </ref> | ||
*Other chemotherapeutic drugs that may be used for the treatment of oligodendroglioma include:<ref name="rxchemo">Chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid3382171">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR| title=Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1988 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 360-4 | pmid=3382171 | doi=10.1002/ana.410230408 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382171 }} </ref> | *Other [[Chemotherapeutic agent|chemotherapeutic drugs]] that may be used for the [[Treatments|treatment]] of [[oligodendroglioma]] include:<ref name="rxchemo">Chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=on</ref><ref name="pmid3382171">{{cite journal| author=Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR| title=Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1988 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 360-4 | pmid=3382171 | doi=10.1002/ana.410230408 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382171 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Carmustine]] | **[[Carmustine]] | ||
**[[Cisplatin]] | **[[Cisplatin]] | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
**[[Methotrexate]] ([[intrathecal|intrathecally]]) | **[[Methotrexate]] ([[intrathecal|intrathecally]]) | ||
**Diaziquone | **Diaziquone | ||
*If oligodendroglioma is unresponsive to the chemotherapeutic drugs used in earlier treatments or if it recurs, other drugs that may be used include:<ref name="rxchemo">Chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=on</ref> | *If [[oligodendroglioma]] is [[unresponsive]] to the [[Chemotherapeutic agent|chemotherapeutic drugs]] used in earlier [[treatments]] or if it [[Recurrence plot|recurs]], other [[drugs]] that may be used include:<ref name="rxchemo">Chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=on</ref> | ||
**[[Tamoxifen]] | **[[Tamoxifen]] | ||
**[[Carboplatin]] | **[[Carboplatin]] | ||
Revision as of 00:19, 19 May 2019
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Oligodendroglioma Microchapters |
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Oligodendroglioma medical therapy On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Oligodendroglioma medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]
Overview
The predominant therapy for oligodendroglioma is surgical resection. Adjunctive chemotherapy and radiation are required. Supportive therapy for oligodendroglioma includes anticonvulsants and corticosteroids.
Medical Therapy
Innovative treatment options:
- Brain tumors can be complex and require a combination of treatments for the best outcome
- There is quite a wide range of treatments to meet the individual needs of each patient which includes standard therapies, precision medicine and clinical trials
- Some of them are listed below:
- Brachytherapy:
- Destroys tumors by implanting radioactive medicine directly to or near the treatment site
- Chemotherapy:
- Reaches cancer that may have spread, even microscopically, throughout the body
- Craniotomy:
- Intensity-modulated radiation therapy:
- Minimally invasive cranial base surgery:
- Uses smaller incisions and specially designed instruments to eliminate a tumor while saving the surrounding tissue from damage
- Stereotactic radiosurgery & radiotherapy:
- Brachytherapy:
The medical therapy for oligodendroglioma includes:
Radiotherapy
- Post-operative radiotherapy is recommended among all patients who develop oligodendroglioma[1][2]
- Radiotherapy may not cure the cancer but it can:
- Control the tumor
- Delay recurrence
- Increase survival
- External beam radiation therapy is preferred to whole brain radiotherapy[1]
- External beam radiation therapy is usually administered in standard fractions of 1.8–2 Gy and can reach a total dose of 60 Gy[3]
Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy is indicated as adjuvant therapy for oligodendroglioma[1][4][5][6][7]
- Oligodendroglioma responds better to chemotherapy than astrocytoma of comparable grade[8]
- Oligodendroglioma is the most chemosensitive of all the glial tumors[9]
- Symptomatic, aggressive, enlarging, enhancing, and non-anaplastic oligodendrogliomas respond better to chemotherapy[10]
- Temozolomide (Temodar) is the preferred drug for the treatment of oligodendroglioma[1]
- PCV 3 regimen is the preferred combination chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma which includes the following dosing schedule:[1][11]
- CCNU is administered on day 1
- Procarbazine is administered daily for 14 days beginning on day 8
- Vincristine is administered on days 8 and 29 of each 6-week cycle of therapy[12]
- Other chemotherapeutic drugs that may be used for the treatment of oligodendroglioma include:[13][9]
- If oligodendroglioma is unresponsive to the chemotherapeutic drugs used in earlier treatments or if it recurs, other drugs that may be used include:[13]
Supportive treatment
- Supportive therapy for oligodendroglioma focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the patient’s neurologic function and includes:[1]
- Anticonvulsants:
- Anticonvulsants are administered to the patients who have a seizure
- Phenytoin given concurrently with radiation may have serious skin reactions such as:
- Corticosteroids:
- Usually dexamethasone is given 4-10 mg every 4-6 h, which leads to:
- Reduced peritumoral edema
- Diminished mass effect
- Lower intracranial pressure with a decrease in symptoms (headache or drowsiness)
- Usually dexamethasone is given 4-10 mg every 4-6 h, which leads to:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Treatment of oligodendroglioma. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/brain-and-spinal-tumours/oligodendroglioma/?region=on
- ↑ Harat M, Blok M, Harat A, Soszyńska K (2019). "The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on molecular prognostic markers in gliomas". Onco Targets Ther. 12: 2215–2224. doi:10.2147/OTT.S200818. PMC 6441459. PMID 30988626.
- ↑ Stupp R, Tonn JC, Brada M, Pentheroudakis G, ESMO Guidelines Working Group (2010). "High-grade malignant glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Ann Oncol. 21 Suppl 5: v190–3. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq187. PMID 20555079.
- ↑ Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC, Lisle DK, Finkelstein DM, Hammond RR; et al. (1998). "Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas". J Natl Cancer Inst. 90 (19): 1473–9. PMID 9776413.
- ↑ Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J; et al. (2013). "Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402". J Clin Oncol. 31 (3): 337–43. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2674. PMC 3732012. PMID 23071247.
- ↑ van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Taphoorn MJ, Kros JM, Kouwenhoven MC, Delattre JY; et al. (2013). "Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of EORTC brain tumor group study 26951". J Clin Oncol. 31 (3): 344–50. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2229. PMID 23071237.
- ↑ Mohammad F, Weissmann S, Leblanc B, Pandey DP, Højfeldt JW, Comet I; et al. (2017). "EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target for H3K27M-mutant pediatric gliomas". Nat Med. 23 (4): 483–492. doi:10.1038/nm.4293. PMID 28263309.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00167-8 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR (1988). "Successful chemotherapy for recurrent malignant oligodendroglioma". Ann Neurol. 23 (4): 360–4. doi:10.1002/ana.410230408. PMID 3382171.
- ↑ Cairncross JG, Macdonald DR, Ramsay DA (1992). "Aggressive oligodendroglioma: a chemosensitive tumor". Neurosurgery. 31 (1): 78–82. PMID 1641113.
- ↑ Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J; et al. (2002). "Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets". Am J Pathol. 161 (1): 313–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1. PMC 1850690. PMID 12107116.
- ↑ Levin VA, Edwards MS, Wright DC, Seager ML, Schimberg TP, Townsend JJ; et al. (1980). "Modified procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine (PCV 3) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors". Cancer Treat Rep. 64 (2–3): 237–44. PMID 7407756.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Chemotherapeutic drugs in malignant gliomas. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/brain-spinal/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=on