Hepatopulmonary syndrome pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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The exact pathogenesis of | The exact pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is not fully understood. | ||
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It is thought that | It is thought that hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3]. | ||
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The progression to | The progression to hepatopulmonary Syndrome usually involves the [molecular pathway]. | ||
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===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
*The exact pathogenesis of | *The exact pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is not completely understood. | ||
OR | OR | ||
*It is understood that | *It is understood that hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3]. | ||
*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host. | *[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host. | ||
*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell. | *Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell. | ||
*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells]. | *[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells]. | ||
*The progression to | *The progression to hepatopulmonary Syndrome usually involves the [molecular pathway]. | ||
*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype. | *The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype. | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
hepatopulmonary Syndrome is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern. | |||
OR | OR | ||
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of | Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome include: | ||
*[Gene1] | *[Gene1] | ||
*[Gene2] | *[Gene2] | ||
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The development of | The development of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as: | ||
*[Mutation 1] | *[Mutation 1] | ||
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==Associated Conditions== | ==Associated Conditions== | ||
Conditions associated with | Conditions associated with hepatopulmonary Syndrome include: | ||
*[Condition 1] | *[Condition 1] | ||
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==Gross Pathology== | ==Gross Pathology== | ||
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of | On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of hepatopulmonary Syndrome. | ||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of | On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of hepatopulmonary Syndrome. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:36, 5 July 2019
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome Microchapters |
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Differentiating Hepatopulmonary syndrome from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome pathophysiology On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hepatopulmonary syndrome pathophysiology |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hepatopulmonary syndrome pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
The hepatopulmonary syndrome results from the formation of microscopic intrapulmonary arteriovenous dilatations in patients with both chronic and far less common, acute liver failure. The mechanism is unknown but is thought to be due to increased liver production or decreased liver clearance of vasodilators, possibly involving nitric oxide.
The dilation of these blood vessels causes overperfusion relative to ventilation, leading to ventilation-perfusion mismatch and hypoxemia. There is an increased gradient between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lung and adjacent arteries (alveolar-arterial [A-a] gradient) while breathing room air. Patients with HPS have platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS); that is, because intrapulmonary vascular dilations (IPVDs) predominate in the bases of the lungs, standing worsens hypoxemia (orthodeoxia)/dyspnea (platypnea) and the supine position improves oxygenation as blood is redistributed from the bases to the apices. Additionally, late in cirrhosis, it is common to develop high output failure, which would lead to less time in capillaries per red blood cell, exacerbating the hypoxemia.
The exact pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to hepatopulmonary Syndrome usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- The exact pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is not completely understood.
OR
- It is understood that hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
- [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
- Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
- [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
- The progression to hepatopulmonary Syndrome usually involves the [molecular pathway].
- The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Genetics
hepatopulmonary Syndrome is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
OR
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hepatopulmonary Syndrome include:
- [Gene1]
- [Gene2]
- [Gene3]
OR
The development of hepatopulmonary Syndrome is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:
- [Mutation 1]
- [Mutation 2]
- [Mutation 3]
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with hepatopulmonary Syndrome include:
- [Condition 1]
- [Condition 2]
- [Condition 3]
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of hepatopulmonary Syndrome.
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of hepatopulmonary Syndrome.