Arnold-Chiari malformation pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Associated Conditions== | ==Associated Conditions== | ||
Conditions associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation include:<ref name="urlNeuropathology For Medical Students">{{cite web|url=http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/WirSelfInst/neuro_medStudents/devdis.html |title=Neuropathology For Medical Students |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Milhorat-2007">{{Cite journal|author=Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, McDonnell NB, Francomano CA |title=Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial settling, and chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue |journal=[[Journal of Neurosurgery|Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=601–9 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18074684 |doi=10.3171/SPI-07/12/601 |url=http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/SPI-07/12/601}}</ref> | Conditions associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation include:<ref name="urlNeuropathology For Medical Students">{{cite web|url=http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/WirSelfInst/neuro_medStudents/devdis.html |title=Neuropathology For Medical Students |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Milhorat-2007">{{Cite journal|author=Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, McDonnell NB, Francomano CA |title=Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial settling, and chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue |journal=[[Journal of Neurosurgery|Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine]] |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=601–9 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18074684 |doi=10.3171/SPI-07/12/601 |url=http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/SPI-07/12/601}}</ref><ref name="pmid11598609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holder-Espinasse M, Abadie V, Cormier-Daire V, Beyler C, Manach Y, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Couly G, Amiel J |title=Pierre Robin sequence: a series of 117 consecutive cases |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=588–90 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11598609 |doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.117784 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15087107">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tubbs RS, Rutledge SL, Kosentka A, Bartolucci AA, Oakes WJ |title=Chiari I malformation and neurofibromatosis type 1 |journal=Pediatr. Neurol. |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=278–80 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15087107 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.013 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Hydrocephalus]] | *[[Hydrocephalus]]<ref name="pmid14564218">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holder-Espinasse M, Winter RM |title=Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation and Noonan syndrome. A new diagnostic feature? |journal=Clin. Dysmorphol. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=275 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14564218 |doi=10.1097/01.mcd.0000081505.97834.0a |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Syringomyelia]]<nowiki/>s | *[[Syringomyelia]]<nowiki/>s | ||
*[[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]] | *[[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]] | ||
Revision as of 17:32, 8 August 2019
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Arnold-Chiari malformation pathophysiology On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not completely understood.
OR
- It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
- [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
- Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
- [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
- The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
- The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Genetics
[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
OR
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:
- [Gene1]
- [Gene2]
- [Gene3]
OR
The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:
- [Mutation 1]
- [Mutation 2]
- [Mutation 3]
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation include:[1][2][3][4]
- Hydrocephalus[5]
- Syringomyelias
- Tethered spinal cord syndrome
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
- Noonan syndrome
- Pierre Robin sequence
- Connective tissue disorders such as:
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
- The most widely accepted pathophysiological mechanism by which Chiari Type 1 Malformations occur is by a reduction or lack of development of the posterior fossa as a result of either congenital or acquired disorders.
- The cerebellar tonsils are elongated and pushed down through the opening of the base of the skull (see foramen magnum), blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- The brainstem, cranial nerves, and the lower portion of the cerebellum may be stretched or compressed.
- Therefore, any of the functions controlled by these areas may be affected. The blockage of CSF flow may also cause a syrinx to form, eventually leading to syringomyelia. Many sufferers turn to the Chiari Institute in Long Island, NY for specialized medical attention and medication.
References
- ↑ "Neuropathology For Medical Students".
- ↑ Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, McDonnell NB, Francomano CA (2007). "Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial settling, and chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 7 (6): 601–9. doi:10.3171/SPI-07/12/601. PMID 18074684. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Holder-Espinasse M, Abadie V, Cormier-Daire V, Beyler C, Manach Y, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Couly G, Amiel J (October 2001). "Pierre Robin sequence: a series of 117 consecutive cases". J. Pediatr. 139 (4): 588–90. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.117784. PMID 11598609.
- ↑ Tubbs RS, Rutledge SL, Kosentka A, Bartolucci AA, Oakes WJ (April 2004). "Chiari I malformation and neurofibromatosis type 1". Pediatr. Neurol. 30 (4): 278–80. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2003.09.013. PMID 15087107.
- ↑ Holder-Espinasse M, Winter RM (October 2003). "Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation and Noonan syndrome. A new diagnostic feature?". Clin. Dysmorphol. 12 (4): 275. doi:10.1097/01.mcd.0000081505.97834.0a. PMID 14564218.