Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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=== Physiology === | === Physiology === | ||
* NK cells are [[CD3]] and [[myloperoxidase]] negative on their surface.<ref name="HamKo2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ham|first1=Maria Francisca|last2=Ko|first2=Young-Hyeh|title=Natural killer cell neoplasm: biology and pathology|journal=International Journal of Hematology|volume=92|issue=5|year=2010|pages=681–689|issn=0925-5710|doi=10.1007/s12185-010-0738-y}}</ref> | * NK cells are [[CD3]] and [[myloperoxidase]] negative on their surface.<ref name="HamKo2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ham|first1=Maria Francisca|last2=Ko|first2=Young-Hyeh|title=Natural killer cell neoplasm: biology and pathology|journal=International Journal of Hematology|volume=92|issue=5|year=2010|pages=681–689|issn=0925-5710|doi=10.1007/s12185-010-0738-y}}</ref> | ||
* NK cells have [[germline]] configuration of T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes.<ref name="Canadian cancer">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-nasal-type/?region=on. Accessed on February 19, 2016 </ref> | * NK cells have [[germline]] configuration of T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes.<ref name="Canadian cancer">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-nasal-type/?region=on. Accessed on February 19, 2016 </ref> | ||
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*Most tumors involve NK cells but also involve T cells<nowiki/> as neoplastic cells, that is the main reason of classification as NK/T-cell lymphoma rather than NK-cell [[lymphoma]].<ref name="pmid23281437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jaffe ES, Nicolae A, Pittaluga S |title=Peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas in the WHO classification: pearls and pitfalls |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S71–87 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23281437 |pmc=6324567 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.181 |url=}}</ref> | *Most tumors involve NK cells but also involve T cells<nowiki/> as neoplastic cells, that is the main reason of classification as NK/T-cell lymphoma rather than NK-cell [[lymphoma]].<ref name="pmid23281437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jaffe ES, Nicolae A, Pittaluga S |title=Peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas in the WHO classification: pearls and pitfalls |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=26 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S71–87 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23281437 |pmc=6324567 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.181 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* | * | ||
===Immunotype=== | ===Immunotype=== | ||
* The immunophenotype of NK lymphoma cells is classically positive for [[CD2]], [[CD56]], and cytoplasmic [[CD3]] epsilon.<ref name="KoCho2004">{{cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Y H|last2=Cho|first2=E-Y|last3=Kim|first3=J-E|last4=Lee|first4=S-S|last5=Huh|first5=J-R|last6=Chang|first6=H-K|last7=Yang|first7=W-I|last8=Kim|first8=C-W|last9=Kim|first9=S-W|last10=Ree|first10=H J|title=NK and NK-like T-cell lymphoma in extranasal sites: a comparative clinicopathological study according to site and EBV status|journal=Histopathology|volume=44|issue=5|year=2004|pages=480–489|issn=0309-0167|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01867.x}}</ref> | * The immunophenotype of NK lymphoma cells is classically positive for [[CD2]], [[CD56]], and cytoplasmic [[CD3]] epsilon.<ref name="KoCho2004">{{cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Y H|last2=Cho|first2=E-Y|last3=Kim|first3=J-E|last4=Lee|first4=S-S|last5=Huh|first5=J-R|last6=Chang|first6=H-K|last7=Yang|first7=W-I|last8=Kim|first8=C-W|last9=Kim|first9=S-W|last10=Ree|first10=H J|title=NK and NK-like T-cell lymphoma in extranasal sites: a comparative clinicopathological study according to site and EBV status|journal=Histopathology|volume=44|issue=5|year=2004|pages=480–489|issn=0309-0167|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01867.x}}</ref> | ||
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*NK/T cell lymphoma expressing [[CD56]] is rare but most commonly occurs int he head and neck region, skin, and soft tissue. | *NK/T cell lymphoma expressing [[CD56]] is rare but most commonly occurs int he head and neck region, skin, and soft tissue. | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [[extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma]] include.<ref name="ISBN9789283244943">{{cite book|last=Swerdlow|first=Steven|title=WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues|publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer|location=Lyon|year=2017|isbn=9789283244943}}</ref>: | |||
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [ | |||
*[[HLA-DQ|HLA DQA1*0501]] | |||
*[[HLA-DQ|HLA DQB1*0201]] | |||
These genes also are relevant with [[celiac disease]]. | |||
==Gross Pathology== | ==Gross Pathology== | ||
* On gross pathology, angiocentric and angiodestructive pattern of growth with associated geographical [[necrosis]] and [[ulceration]] are characteristic findings of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma. | * On gross pathology, angiocentric and angiodestructive pattern of growth with associated geographical [[necrosis]] and [[ulceration]] are characteristic findings of [[extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma]]. | ||
* [[Coagulative necrosis]] and [[apoptotic]] bodies are frequently encountered. | * [[Coagulative necrosis]] and [[apoptotic]] bodies are frequently encountered. | ||
*Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type occurs in nasal cavity and upper aerodigestive tract. | *[[Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma]], nasal type occurs in nasal cavity and upper aerodigestive tract. | ||
*Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type affects the nose and facial mid line exhibiting aggressive destruction. | *[[Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma|Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma]], nasal type affects the nose and facial mid line exhibiting aggressive destruction. | ||
[[File:PMC4702053 CTO-14-04-g-007.png|center|250px|thumbnail|Adopted from OPEN-I. Nasal extranodal natural killer cell/T cell lymphoma with destruction of the midline<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3205/cto000119}}</ref>]] | [[File:PMC4702053 CTO-14-04-g-007.png|center|250px|thumbnail|Adopted from OPEN-I. Nasal extranodal natural killer cell/T cell lymphoma with destruction of the midline<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3205/cto000119}}</ref>]] | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ramyar Ghandriz MD[2] Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [3]
Overview
Most tumors involve NK cells but also involve T cells as neoplastic cells, that is the main reason of classification as NK/T-cell lymphoma rather than NK-cell lymphoma. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that is closely related to T cells and attack foreign cells. On gross pathology, angiocentric and angiodestructive pattern of growth with associated geographical necrosis and ulceration are characteristic findings of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma. On microscopic histopathological analysis, medium-sized tumor cells and polymorphic infiltrate of nonneoplastic inflammatory cells are characteristic findings of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma.NK cells are CD3 and myloperoxidase negative on their surface.Most tumors involve NK cells but also involve T cells as neoplastic cells, which is the main reason for classification as NK/T-cell lymphoma rather than NK-cell lymphoma.The immunophenotype of NK lymphoma cells is classically positive for CD2, CD56, and cytoplasmic CD3 epsilon
Pathophysiology
Physiology
- NK cells are CD3 and myloperoxidase negative on their surface.[1]
- NK cells have germline configuration of T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes.[2]
- NK cells originate from a bipotent NK/T-progenitor cell so they have a lot in common with T cells.[3]
- NK cells express T-associate markers such as CD2, CD3e, CD7, CD8, CD16, CD56, CD57.[4]
- Most tumors involve NK cells but also involve T cells as neoplastic cells, that is the main reason of classification as NK/T-cell lymphoma rather than NK-cell lymphoma.[5]
Immunotype
- The immunophenotype of NK lymphoma cells is classically positive for CD2, CD56, and cytoplasmic CD3 epsilon.[6]
- They are negative for surface CD3. Unlike normal NK cells, the tumor cells are usually negative for CD7 and CD16.
- They express cytotoxic granule associated proteins granzyme B, T-cell restricted intracellular antigen (TIA-1), and perforin.
- NK/T cell lymphoma expressing CD56 is rare but most commonly occurs int he head and neck region, skin, and soft tissue.
Genetics
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma include.[7]:
These genes also are relevant with celiac disease.
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, angiocentric and angiodestructive pattern of growth with associated geographical necrosis and ulceration are characteristic findings of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma.
- Coagulative necrosis and apoptotic bodies are frequently encountered.
- Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type occurs in nasal cavity and upper aerodigestive tract.
- Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type affects the nose and facial mid line exhibiting aggressive destruction.
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, medium sized tumor cells and polymorphic infiltrate of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells are characteristic findings of extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma.
- The tumor cells are small to medium in size with occasional large and anaplastic forms.
- The lymphoma cells may be admixed with a polymorphic infiltrate of nonneoplastic inflammatory cells including small lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils.
References
- ↑ Ham, Maria Francisca; Ko, Young-Hyeh (2010). "Natural killer cell neoplasm: biology and pathology". International Journal of Hematology. 92 (5): 681–689. doi:10.1007/s12185-010-0738-y. ISSN 0925-5710.
- ↑ Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/extranodal-nk-t-cell-lymphoma-nasal-type/?region=on. Accessed on February 19, 2016
- ↑ Extranodal Natural-Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ah/2010/627401/. Accessed on February 18, 2016
- ↑ Stewart CA, Walzer T, Robbins SH, Malissen B, Vivier E, Prinz I (2007). "Germ-line and rearranged Tcrd transcription distinguish bona fide NK cells and NK-like gammadelta T cells". Eur J Immunol. 37 (6): 1442–52. doi:10.1002/eji.200737354. PMID 17492716.
- ↑ Jaffe ES, Nicolae A, Pittaluga S (January 2013). "Peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas in the WHO classification: pearls and pitfalls". Mod. Pathol. 26 Suppl 1: S71–87. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.181. PMC 6324567. PMID 23281437.
- ↑ Ko, Y H; Cho, E-Y; Kim, J-E; Lee, S-S; Huh, J-R; Chang, H-K; Yang, W-I; Kim, C-W; Kim, S-W; Ree, H J (2004). "NK and NK-like T-cell lymphoma in extranasal sites: a comparative clinicopathological study according to site and EBV status". Histopathology. 44 (5): 480–489. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01867.x. ISSN 0309-0167.
- ↑ Swerdlow, Steven (2017). WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. ISBN 9789283244943.
- ↑ . doi:10.3205/cto000119. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Fang, Jian-chen; Zhou, Jue; Li, Zheng; Xia, Zhao-xia (2014). "Primary extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal-type of uterus with adenomyosis: a case report". Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1). doi:10.1186/1746-1596-9-95. ISSN 1746-1596.