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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Sudden unexplained death syndrome was first noted in 1977 among Hmong refugees in the US.<ref>{{cite journal|MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep|year=1981|volume=30|issue=47|pages=581–4,589|title=Sudden, unexpected, nocturnal deaths among Southeast Asian refugees|author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)| | *Sudden unexplained death syndrome was first noted in 1977 among Hmong refugees in the US.<ref>{{cite journal|MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep|year=1981|volume=30|issue=47|pages=581–4,589|title=Sudden, unexpected, nocturnal deaths among Southeast Asian refugees|author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)| | ||
|pmid=6796814}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=MMWR CDC Surveill Summ|year=1987|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43SS-53SS|title=Sudden unexplained death syndrome in Southeast Asian refugees: a review of CDC surveillance|author=Parrish RG, Tucker M, Ing R, Encarnacion C, Eberhardt M|pmid=3110586}}</ref> | |pmid=6796814}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=MMWR CDC Surveill Summ|year=1987|volume=36|issue=1|pages=43SS-53SS|title=Sudden unexplained death syndrome in Southeast Asian refugees: a review of CDC surveillance|author=Parrish RG, Tucker M, Ing R, Encarnacion C, Eberhardt M|pmid=3110586}}</ref> | ||
*The disease was again noted in Singapore, when a retrospective survey of records showed that 230 otherwise healthy Thai men died suddenly of unexplained causes between 1982 and 1990: publication of this data provoked a diplomatic incident.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Goh KT, Chao TC, Chew CH|title=Sudden nocturnal deaths among Thai construction workers in Singapore|journal=Lancet|year=1990|volume=335|pages=1154|pmid=1971883}}</ref> | |||
The disease was again noted in Singapore, when a retrospective survey of records showed that 230 otherwise healthy Thai men died suddenly of unexplained causes between 1982 and 1990: publication of this data provoked a diplomatic incident.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Goh KT, Chao TC, Chew CH|title=Sudden nocturnal deaths among Thai construction workers in Singapore|journal=Lancet|year=1990|volume=335|pages=1154|pmid=1971883}}</ref> | *The condition appears to affect primarily young Hmong men from Laos (median age 33) and northeastern Thailand (where the population are mainly of Laotian descent).<ref name="Tatsanavivat">{{cite journal|journal=Int J Epidemiol|year=1992|volume=21|issue=5|pages=904–10|title=Sudden and unexplained deaths in sleep (Laitai) of young men in rural northeastern Thailand|author=Tatsanavivat P, Chiravatkul A, Klungboonkrong V, Chaisiri S, Jarerntanyaruk L, Munger RG, Saowakontha S|pmid=1468851}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Int J Epidemiol|year=1993|volume=22|issue=1|pages=81–7|title=Sudden unexplained death syndrome in north-east Thailand|author=Tungsanga K, Sriboonlue P|pmid=8449651}}</ref> There is a strong hereditary component and the victims tend to die in their sleep. Survivors describe a feeling of intense fear and paralysis. There is a sensation of pressure in the chest, the presence of an alien being in the room and altered sensation.<ref name="ShkolnikovaMiklashevich2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shkolnikova|first1=M.A. Shkolnikova|last2=Miklashevich|first2=I.M. Miklashevich|title=The Brugada Syndrome as a Cause of Sudden Death. Diagnostics and Clinical Manifestations in Children|journal=Kardiologiia|volume=10_2016|year=2016|pages=63–71|issn=0022-9040|doi=10.18565/cardio.2016.10.63-71}}</ref> | ||
*This phenomenon is well known among the Hmong people of Laos, who ascribe these deaths to a malign spirit, ''dab tsog'' (pronounced "da cho"), said to take the form of a jealous woman. Hmong men may even go to sleep dressed as women so as to avoid the attentions of this spirit.<ref name="Alder1995">{{cite journal|journal=Soc Sci Med|year=1995|volume=40|issue=12|pages=1623–9|title=Refugee stress and folk belief: Hmong sudden deaths|author=Adler SR|pmid=7660175}}</ref> | |||
The condition appears to affect primarily young Hmong men from Laos (median age 33) and northeastern Thailand (where the population are mainly of Laotian descent).<ref name="Tatsanavivat">{{cite journal|journal=Int J Epidemiol|year=1992|volume=21|issue=5|pages=904–10|title=Sudden and unexplained deaths in sleep (Laitai) of young men in rural northeastern Thailand|author=Tatsanavivat P, Chiravatkul A, Klungboonkrong V, Chaisiri S, Jarerntanyaruk L, Munger RG, Saowakontha S|pmid=1468851}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Int J Epidemiol|year=1993|volume=22|issue=1|pages=81–7|title=Sudden unexplained death syndrome in north-east Thailand|author=Tungsanga K, Sriboonlue P|pmid=8449651}}</ref> There is a strong hereditary component and the victims tend to die in their sleep. Survivors describe a feeling of intense fear and paralysis. There is a sensation of pressure in the chest, the presence of an alien being in the room and altered sensation.<ref name="ShkolnikovaMiklashevich2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shkolnikova|first1=M.A. Shkolnikova|last2=Miklashevich|first2=I.M. Miklashevich|title=The Brugada Syndrome as a Cause of Sudden Death. Diagnostics and Clinical Manifestations in Children|journal=Kardiologiia|volume=10_2016|year=2016|pages=63–71|issn=0022-9040|doi=10.18565/cardio.2016.10.63-71}}</ref> | *The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that the characteristic ECG findings were often mistaken for a [[right ventricular myocardial infarction]]. In 1953 a publication by Oscher mentioned that despite being mistaken for right ventricular myocardial infarction, the ECG findings were not associated with myocardial ischemia.<ref name="pmid13104407">{{cite journal |author=OSHER HL, WOLFF L |title=Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury |journal=[[The American Journal of the Medical Sciences]] |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=541–5 |year=1953 |month=November |pmid=13104407 |doi= |url= |issn= |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> | ||
*Although the ECG findings of Brugada syndrome were first reported among survivors of cardiac arrest in 1989, it was only in 1992 that the Brugada brothers recognized it as a distinct clinical entity, causing sudden [[death]] by causing [[ventricular fibrillation]].<ref>Martini B, Nava A, Thiene G, Buja GF, Canciani B, Scognamiglio R, Daliento L, Dalla Volta S. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: description of six cases. Am Heart J 1989 Dec;118(6):1203-9 PMID 2589161</ref><ref>Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1391-6. PMID 1309182</ref> | |||
This phenomenon is well known among the Hmong people of Laos, who ascribe these deaths to a malign spirit, ''dab tsog'' (pronounced "da cho"), said to take the form of a jealous woman. Hmong men may even go to sleep dressed as women so as to avoid the attentions of this spirit.<ref name="Alder1995">{{cite journal|journal=Soc Sci Med|year=1995|volume=40|issue=12|pages=1623–9|title=Refugee stress and folk belief: Hmong sudden deaths|author=Adler SR|pmid=7660175}}</ref> | |||
The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that the characteristic ECG findings were often mistaken for a [[right ventricular myocardial infarction]]. In 1953 a publication by Oscher mentioned that despite being mistaken for right ventricular myocardial infarction, the ECG findings were not associated with myocardial ischemia.<ref name="pmid13104407">{{cite journal |author=OSHER HL, WOLFF L |title=Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury |journal=[[The American Journal of the Medical Sciences]] |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=541–5 |year=1953 |month=November |pmid=13104407 |doi= |url= |issn= |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref> | |||
Although the ECG findings of Brugada syndrome were first reported among survivors of cardiac arrest in 1989, it was only in 1992 that the Brugada brothers recognized it as a distinct clinical entity, causing sudden [[death]] by causing [[ventricular fibrillation]].<ref>Martini B, Nava A, Thiene G, Buja GF, Canciani B, Scognamiglio R, Daliento L, Dalla Volta S. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: description of six cases. Am Heart J 1989 Dec;118(6):1203-9 PMID 2589161</ref><ref>Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1391-6. PMID 1309182</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2]
Overview
Brugada syndrome was potentially first seen on EKG in survivors of cardiac arrest in 1989, but it was not until 1992 that the Brugada brothers recognized it as a distinct clinical entity which could cause sudden death by ventricular fibrillation.
Historical Perspective
- Sudden unexplained death syndrome was first noted in 1977 among Hmong refugees in the US.[1][2]
- The disease was again noted in Singapore, when a retrospective survey of records showed that 230 otherwise healthy Thai men died suddenly of unexplained causes between 1982 and 1990: publication of this data provoked a diplomatic incident.[3]
- The condition appears to affect primarily young Hmong men from Laos (median age 33) and northeastern Thailand (where the population are mainly of Laotian descent).[4][5] There is a strong hereditary component and the victims tend to die in their sleep. Survivors describe a feeling of intense fear and paralysis. There is a sensation of pressure in the chest, the presence of an alien being in the room and altered sensation.[6]
- This phenomenon is well known among the Hmong people of Laos, who ascribe these deaths to a malign spirit, dab tsog (pronounced "da cho"), said to take the form of a jealous woman. Hmong men may even go to sleep dressed as women so as to avoid the attentions of this spirit.[7]
- The Brugada brothers were the first to describe the characteristic ECG findings and link them to sudden death. Before that the characteristic ECG findings were often mistaken for a right ventricular myocardial infarction. In 1953 a publication by Oscher mentioned that despite being mistaken for right ventricular myocardial infarction, the ECG findings were not associated with myocardial ischemia.[8]
- Although the ECG findings of Brugada syndrome were first reported among survivors of cardiac arrest in 1989, it was only in 1992 that the Brugada brothers recognized it as a distinct clinical entity, causing sudden death by causing ventricular fibrillation.[9][10]
References
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1981). "Sudden, unexpected, nocturnal deaths among Southeast Asian refugees". 30 (47): 581&ndash, 4, 589. PMID 6796814. Text "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep" ignored (help)
- ↑ Parrish RG, Tucker M, Ing R, Encarnacion C, Eberhardt M (1987). "Sudden unexplained death syndrome in Southeast Asian refugees: a review of CDC surveillance". MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 36 (1): 43SS–53SS. PMID 3110586.
- ↑ Goh KT, Chao TC, Chew CH (1990). "Sudden nocturnal deaths among Thai construction workers in Singapore". Lancet. 335: 1154. PMID 1971883.
- ↑ Tungsanga K, Sriboonlue P (1993). "Sudden unexplained death syndrome in north-east Thailand". Int J Epidemiol. 22 (1): 81&ndash, 7. PMID 8449651.
- ↑ Shkolnikova, M.A. Shkolnikova; Miklashevich, I.M. Miklashevich (2016). "The Brugada Syndrome as a Cause of Sudden Death. Diagnostics and Clinical Manifestations in Children". Kardiologiia. 10_2016: 63–71. doi:10.18565/cardio.2016.10.63-71. ISSN 0022-9040.
- ↑ Adler SR (1995). "Refugee stress and folk belief: Hmong sudden deaths". Soc Sci Med. 40 (12): 1623&ndash, 9. PMID 7660175.
- ↑ OSHER HL, WOLFF L (1953). "Electrocardiographic pattern simulating acute myocardial injury". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 226 (5): 541–5. PMID 13104407. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Martini B, Nava A, Thiene G, Buja GF, Canciani B, Scognamiglio R, Daliento L, Dalla Volta S. Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: description of six cases. Am Heart J 1989 Dec;118(6):1203-9 PMID 2589161
- ↑ Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1391-6. PMID 1309182