Pericarditis laboratory studies: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 20:06, 18 December 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Non-specific markers of inflammation are generally elevated in pericarditis. These include the leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and ESR. The cardiac troponin is elevated if there is an injury to the underlying myocardium, a condition termed as myopericarditis. Diagnostic pericardiocentesis and biopsy help in identifying an underlying infectious or malignant process.

Inflammatory Markers

The following inflammatory markers are often elevated:

CBC: Significant leukocytosis may be present.
C-reactive protein
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Cardiac Biomarkers

The following markers of myonecrosis may be elevated if there is involvement of the underlying myocardium:

Creatine kinase: Acute pericarditis may be associated with a modest increase in serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) depending upon the extent of involvement of the underlying myocardium.^[1]^[2]
Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI)^[3]^[4]: The troponin can be elevated if there is an underlying myositis, or a myopericarditis. In Europe, patients with pericarditis and an elevated troponin are hospitalized briefly to assure that the patient is stable.
LDH: Serum LDH may be elevated depending upon the extent of myocardial involvement.
Serum myoglobin
SGOT (AST)

Autoimmune Markers

Following autoimmune markers may be checked in patients with recurrent or prolonged pericarditis:

Gallium-67 Imaging

Gallium-67 scanning may help identify inflammatory and leukemic infiltrations.

2015 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericarditis (DO NOT EDIT)^[5]

Recommendations for the general diagnostic work-up of pericardial diseases

Class I
1. In all cases of suspected pericardial disease a first diagnostic evaluation is recommended with: – auscultation – ECG – transthoracic echocardiography – chest X-ray – routine blood tests, including markers of inflammation (i.e., CRP and/or ESR), white blood cell count with differential count, renal function and liver tests and myocardial lesion tests (CK, troponins). 2. CT and/or CMR are recommended as second-level testing for diagnostic workup in pericarditis. 3. Pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage are indicated for cardiac tamponade or suspected bacterial and neoplastic pericarditis. 4. Further testing is indicated in high-risk patients (defined as above) according to the clinical conditions. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class I
It is recommended to search for independent predictors of an identifiable and specifically treatable cause of pericarditis (i.e. bacterial, neoplastic, systemic inflammatory diseases). Major factors include: – fever >38 C – subacute course (symptoms developing over several days or weeks) – large pericardial effusion (diastolic echo-free space >20 mm in width) – cardiac tamponade – failure of Aspirin or NSAIDs (Level of Evidence: B)^[6]^[7]

Class IIb
Percutaneous or surgical pericardial biopsy may be considered in selected cases of suspected neoplastic or tuberculous pericarditis. (Level of Evidence: C)

Recommendations for diagnosis of acute pericarditis

Class I
1. ECG is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis. 2. Transthoracic echocardiography is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis. 3. Chest X-ray is recommended in all patients with suspected acute pericarditis. 4. Assessment of markers of inflammation (i.e. CRP) and myocardial injury (i.e. CK, troponin) is recommended in patients with suspected acute pericarditis. (Level of Evidence: C)

Recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of viral pericarditis

Class IIa
For the definited diagnosis of viral pericarditis, a comprehensive workup of histological, cytological, immunohistological and molecular investigations in pericardial fluid and peri-/epicardial biopsies should be considered. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III
1. Routine viral serology is not recommended, with the possible exception of HIV and HCV. 2. Corticosteroid therapy is not recommended in viral pericarditis. (Level of Evidence: C)

Recommendations for the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis

Class I
1. Urgent pericardiocentesis is recommended for the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis. 2. It is recommended that pericardial fluid be sent for bacterial, fungal and tuberculous studies and blood drawn for cultures. (Level of Evidence: C)

References

↑ Spodick DH (2003). "Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice". JAMA. 289 (9): 1150–3. doi:10.1001/jama.289.9.1150. PMID 12622586.
↑ Karjalainen J, Heikkila J (1986). ""Acute pericarditis": myocardial enzyme release as evidence for myocarditis". Am Heart J. 111 (3): 546–52. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(86)90062-1. PMID 3953365.
↑ Bonnefoy E, Godon P, Kirkorian G, Fatemi M, Chevalier P, Touboul P (2000). "Serum cardiac troponin I and ST-segment elevation in patients with acute pericarditis". Eur Heart J. 21 (10): 832–6. doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1907. PMID 10781355.
↑ Imazio M, Demichelis B, Cecchi E, Belli R, Ghisio A, Bobbio M, Trinchero R (2003). "Cardiac troponin I in acute pericarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (12): 2144–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.02.001. PMID 14680742.
↑ Adler, Yehuda; Charron, Philippe; Imazio, Massimo; Badano, Luigi; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Bogaert, Jan; Brucato, Antonio; Gueret, Pascal; Klingel, Karin; Lionis, Christos; Maisch, Bernhard; Mayosi, Bongani; Pavie, Alain; Ristić, Arsen D.; Sabaté Tenas, Manel; Seferovic, Petar; Swedberg, Karl; Tomkowski, Witold (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases". European Heart Journal. 36 (42): 2921–2964. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318. ISSN 0195-668X.
↑ Imazio, Massimo; Demichelis, Brunella; Parrini, Iris; Giuggia, Marco; Cecchi, Enrico; Gaschino, Gianni; Demarie, Daniela; Ghisio, Aldo; Trinchero, Rita (2004). "Day-hospital treatment of acute pericarditis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 43 (6): 1042–1046. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.055. ISSN 0735-1097.
↑ Imazio, Massimo; Cecchi, Enrico; Demichelis, Brunella; Ierna, Salvatore; Demarie, Daniela; Ghisio, Aldo; Pomari, Franco; Coda, Luisella; Belli, Riccardo; Trinchero, Rita (2007). "Indicators of Poor Prognosis of Acute Pericarditis". Circulation. 115 (21): 2739–2744. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.662114. ISSN 0009-7322.

Template:WH Template:WS

[spodick-1] Spodick DH (2003). "Acute pericarditis: current concepts and practice". JAMA. 289 (9): 1150–3. doi:10.1001/jama.289.9.1150. PMID 12622586.

[karja-2] Karjalainen J, Heikkila J (1986). ""Acute pericarditis": myocardial enzyme release as evidence for myocarditis". Am Heart J. 111 (3): 546–52. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(86)90062-1. PMID 3953365.

[bonnefoy-3] Bonnefoy E, Godon P, Kirkorian G, Fatemi M, Chevalier P, Touboul P (2000). "Serum cardiac troponin I and ST-segment elevation in patients with acute pericarditis". Eur Heart J. 21 (10): 832–6. doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1907. PMID 10781355.

[imazio-4] Imazio M, Demichelis B, Cecchi E, Belli R, Ghisio A, Bobbio M, Trinchero R (2003). "Cardiac troponin I in acute pericarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (12): 2144–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.02.001. PMID 14680742.

[AdlerCharron2015-5] Adler, Yehuda; Charron, Philippe; Imazio, Massimo; Badano, Luigi; Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo; Bogaert, Jan; Brucato, Antonio; Gueret, Pascal; Klingel, Karin; Lionis, Christos; Maisch, Bernhard; Mayosi, Bongani; Pavie, Alain; Ristić, Arsen D.; Sabaté Tenas, Manel; Seferovic, Petar; Swedberg, Karl; Tomkowski, Witold (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases". European Heart Journal. 36 (42): 2921–2964. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318. ISSN 0195-668X.

[ImazioDemichelis2004-6] Imazio, Massimo; Demichelis, Brunella; Parrini, Iris; Giuggia, Marco; Cecchi, Enrico; Gaschino, Gianni; Demarie, Daniela; Ghisio, Aldo; Trinchero, Rita (2004). "Day-hospital treatment of acute pericarditis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 43 (6): 1042–1046. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.055. ISSN 0735-1097.

[ImazioCecchi2007-7] Imazio, Massimo; Cecchi, Enrico; Demichelis, Brunella; Ierna, Salvatore; Demarie, Daniela; Ghisio, Aldo; Pomari, Franco; Coda, Luisella; Belli, Riccardo; Trinchero, Rita (2007). "Indicators of Poor Prognosis of Acute Pericarditis". Circulation. 115 (21): 2739–2744. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.662114. ISSN 0009-7322.

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@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 Gallium-67 scanning may help identify [[inflammatory]] and [[leukemic]] infiltrations.
-==Diagnostic Pericardiocentesis==
-[[Pericardiocentesis]] is a relatively safe [[procedure]] when guided by [[echocardiography]], especially when large free [[anterior]] [[pericardial effusion]] is present. [[Pericardial fluid]] should be [[Aspiration|aspirated]] and [[Test|tested]] for the presence of [[malignant]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] and [[tumor marker]]s, particularly in [[patients]] with [[hemorrhagic]] [[Pericardial Effusion|effusion]] without preceding [[trauma]]. However, [[hemorrhagic]] [[pericarditis]] in developing countries could be due to [[tuberculosis]]. [[Sensitivity (tests)|Sensitivity]] of [[cytology|cytological]] [[analysis]] of [[pericardial fluid]] for [[malignant]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] was 67%, 75%, and 92% in different studies with specificity of 100%. [[Immunohistochemistry]] can be used to distinguish between the [[malignant]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] and their possible [[origin]].<ref name="pmid12508174">{{cite journal| author=Gong Y, Sun X, Michael CW, Attal S, Williamson BA, Bedrossian CW| title=Immunocytochemistry of serous effusion specimens: a comparison of ThinPrep vs cell block. | journal=Diagn Cytopathol | year= 2003 | volume= 28 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-5 | pmid=12508174 | doi=10.1002/dc.10219 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9068950">{{cite journal| author=Mayall F, Heryet A, Manga D, Kriegeskotten A| title=p53 immunostaining is a highly specific and moderately sensitive marker of malignancy in serous fluid cytology. | journal=Cytopathology | year= 1997 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-12 | pmid=9068950 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid10593777">{{cite journal| author=Atar S, Chiu J, Forrester JS, Siegel RJ| title=Bloody pericardial effusion in patients with cardiac tamponade: is the cause cancerous, tuberculous, or iatrogenic in the 1990s? | journal=Chest | year= 1999 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1564-9 | pmid=10593777 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid2028688">{{cite journal| author=Wiener HG, Kristensen IB, Haubek A, Kristensen B, Baandrup U| title=The diagnostic value of pericardial cytology. An analysis of 95 cases. | journal=Acta Cytol | year= 1991 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 149-53 | pmid=2028688 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid10554845">{{cite journal| author=Porte HL, Janecki-Delebecq TJ, Finzi L, Métois DG, Millaire A, Wurtz AJ| title=Pericardoscopy for primary management of pericardial effusion in cancer patients. | journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-91 | pmid=10554845 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10554845  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9149572">{{cite journal| author=Meyers DG, Meyers RE, Prendergast TW| title=The usefulness of diagnostic tests on pericardial fluid. | journal=Chest | year= 1997 | volume= 111 | issue= 5 | pages= 1213-21 | pmid=9149572 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
-[[Aspirate|Aspirated]] [[fluid]] can also be used for the following tests:
-*[[Gram staining]]
-*[[Acid-fast]] staining
-*[[Microbial culture]]
-==Pericardial Biopsy==
-If the [[clinical]] suspicion of [[malignancy]] is high, and if the results of [[cytology]] [[testing]] from the [[pericardiocentesis]] are negative, consideration should be given to performing a [[pericardial]] [[biopsy]]. This can be performed via either a [[subxiphoid]] or transthoracic pericardiostomy or alternatively by pericardioscopy. The advantages of pericardioscopy include helping to directly visualize the [[pericardium]] as well as helping to collect the [[biopsy]] sample. Pericardioscopy has an excellent [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 97%, which compares quite favorably to a [[blind]] [[biopsy]] which has a low [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 55-65%.<ref name="pmid10554845">{{cite journal| author=Porte HL, Janecki-Delebecq TJ, Finzi L, Métois DG, Millaire A, Wurtz AJ| title=Pericardoscopy for primary management of pericardial effusion in cancer patients. | journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-91 | pmid=10554845 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10554845  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8840855">{{cite journal| author=Nugue O, Millaire A, Porte H, de Groote P, Guimier P, Wurtz A et al.| title=Pericardioscopy in the etiologic diagnosis of pericardial effusion in 141 consecutive patients. | journal=Circulation | year= 1996 | volume= 94 | issue= 7 | pages= 1635-41 | pmid=8840855 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
 ==2015 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericarditis (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="AdlerCharron2015">{{cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=Yehuda|last2=Charron|first2=Philippe|last3=Imazio|first3=Massimo|last4=Badano|first4=Luigi|last5=Barón-Esquivias|first5=Gonzalo|last6=Bogaert|first6=Jan|last7=Brucato|first7=Antonio|last8=Gueret|first8=Pascal|last9=Klingel|first9=Karin|last10=Lionis|first10=Christos|last11=Maisch|first11=Bernhard|last12=Mayosi|first12=Bongani|last13=Pavie|first13=Alain|last14=Ristić|first14=Arsen D.|last15=Sabaté Tenas|first15=Manel|last16=Seferovic|first16=Petar|last17=Swedberg|first17=Karl|last18=Tomkowski|first18=Witold|title=2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=36|issue=42|year=2015|pages=2921–2964|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318}}</ref>==