|
|
| Line 15: |
Line 15: |
| *Mondino de Luzzi designed the sketch of the pulmonary valves in the anatomical position for the first time. | | *Mondino de Luzzi designed the sketch of the pulmonary valves in the anatomical position for the first time. |
| *Realdo Colombo described the pulmonary circulation for the first time.<ref name="ParaskevasKoutsouflianiotis2017">{{cite journal|last1=Paraskevas|first1=G.|last2=Koutsouflianiotis|first2=K.|last3=Iliou|first3=K.|title=The first descriptions of various anatomical structures and embryological remnants of the heart: A systematic overview|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=227|year=2017|pages=674–690|issn=01675273|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.077}}</ref> | | *Realdo Colombo described the pulmonary circulation for the first time.<ref name="ParaskevasKoutsouflianiotis2017">{{cite journal|last1=Paraskevas|first1=G.|last2=Koutsouflianiotis|first2=K.|last3=Iliou|first3=K.|title=The first descriptions of various anatomical structures and embryological remnants of the heart: A systematic overview|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=227|year=2017|pages=674–690|issn=01675273|doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.077}}</ref> |
|
| |
| ===Life Threatening Causes===
| |
| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
| |
| *[[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Bacterial endocarditis]]<ref name="pmid24603191">{{cite journal| author=Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA et al.| title=2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 22 | pages= e57-185 | pmid=24603191 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24603191 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Common Causes===
| |
| *[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Calcific aortic valve disease|Senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Rheumatic heart disease]]<ref name="Bekeredjian-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bekeredjian | first1 = R. | last2 = Grayburn | first2 = PA. | title = Valvular heart disease: aortic regurgitation. | journal = Circulation | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 125-34 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488825 | PMID = 15998697 }}</ref>
| |
| *After Valvular Surgery<ref name="pmid27491900">{{cite journal| author=Ribeiro HB, Orwat S, Hayek SS, Larose É, Babaliaros V, Dahou A et al.| title=Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance to Evaluate Aortic Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 6 | pages= 577-85 | pmid=27491900 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.059 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27491900 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Causes by Location of the Abnormality===
| |
|
| |
| The cause of Aortic Regurgitation by location can be classified as following:<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ====Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Aortic Valve====
| |
| *[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<ref name="Nishimura-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nishimura | first1 = RA. | title = Cardiology patient pages. Aortic valve disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 106 | issue = 7 | pages = 770-2 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12176943 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Collagen vascular disease]]
| |
| *[[Senile]] or degenerative [[calcific aortic valve disease]]
| |
| *[[Endocarditis]]
| |
| * [[Myxomatous]] aortic valve
| |
| *[[Rheumatic fever]]<ref name="Spagnuolo-1971">{{Cite journal | last1 = Spagnuolo | first1 = M. | last2 = Kloth | first2 = H. | last3 = Taranta | first3 = A. | last4 = Doyle | first4 = E. | last5 = Pasternack | first5 = B. | title = Natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Criteria predictive of death, congestive heart failure, and angina in young patients. | journal = Circulation | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 368-80 | month = Sep | year = 1971 | doi = | PMID = 4255488 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
| |
| *[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid8267458">{{cite journal |author=Prêtre R, Faidutti B |title=Surgical management of aortic valve injury after nonpenetrating trauma |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1426–31 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8267458 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0003-4975(93)90708-P |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid15172299">{{cite journal |author=Onorati F, De Santo LS, Carozza A, De Feo M, Renzulli A, Cotrufo M |title=Marfan syndrome as a predisposing factor for traumatic aortic insufficiency |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2192–4 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15172299 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01409-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497503014097 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Turner's Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ventricular Septal Defect]]
| |
| *[[Weight loss]] medications
| |
| *Post Aortic Valve Surgery<ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal| author=Isner JM| title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 1436-44 | pmid=2016464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2016464 }} </ref>
| |
| *Quadricuspid Aortic Valve <ref name="pmid27195176">{{cite journal| author=Vasudev R, Shah P, Bikkina M, Shamoon F| title=Quadricuspid Aortic Valve: A Rare Congenital Cause of Aortic Insufficiency. | journal=J Clin Imaging Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= 10 | pmid=27195176 | doi=10.4103/2156-7514.179417 | pmc=4860453 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27195176 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ====Causes Based Upon Abnormalities in the Ascending Aorta====
| |
| *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
| |
| *[[Aortic dissection]]
| |
| *[[Arteriosclerosis]]
| |
| * [[Bechterew's Disease]]
| |
| *[[Behcet's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cystic medial necrosis]] of the [[aorta]]
| |
| *[[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Giant cell arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Kim-1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = M. | last2 = Roman | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Cavallini | first3 = MC. | last4 = Schwartz | first4 = JE. | last5 = Pickering | first5 = TG. | last6 = Devereux | first6 = RB. | title = Effect of hypertension on aortic root size and prevalence of aortic regurgitation. | journal = Hypertension | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-52 | month = Jul | year = 1996 | doi = | PMID = 8675263 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Idiopathic]] dilation of the [[ascending aorta]]
| |
| *[[Marfan syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15172299">{{cite journal |author=Onorati F, De Santo LS, Carozza A, De Feo M, Renzulli A, Cotrufo M |title=Marfan syndrome as a predisposing factor for traumatic aortic insufficiency |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2192–4 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15172299 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01409-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497503014097 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
| |
| *[[Polymyalgia Rheumatica]]
| |
| *[[Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum]]
| |
| *[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
| |
| *[[Senile]] aortic ectasia and dilation
| |
| *[[Spondyloarthropathy]]
| |
| *[[Syphilitic aortitis]]
| |
| *[[Takayasu arteritis]]<ref name="pmid27267341">{{cite journal| author=Ferreira TF, Freire M, Teodoro RB| title=Difficulties in the differential diagnosis between Takayasu arteritis and rheumatic fever: case report. | journal=Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed | year= 2016 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=27267341 | doi=10.1016/j.rbre.2015.07.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27267341 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Trauma]]
| |
| *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
| |
| *[[Whipple's disease]]
| |
|
| |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Annuloaortic ectasia]], [[aortic valvuloplasty]], [[aortic dissection]], [[arterial tortuosity syndrome]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[Aortic stenosis valvuloplasty#Complications|balloon valvotomy]], [[bicuspid aortic valve]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|congenitally fenestrated cusp rupture]], [[cystic medial necrosis]], [[hypertension]], [[marantic endocarditis]], [[Prosthetic valve|prosthetic valve dysfunction]], [[Annuloaortic ectasia|senile aortic ectasia and dilation]], [[Calcific aortic valve disease|senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease]], [[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva|sinus of valsalva aneurysm]], [[subaortic stenosis]], [[syphilitic aortitis]], [[Taussig-Bing syndrome|subpulmonic ventricular septal defect]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[thoracic aortic aneurysm]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|unicuspid aortic valve]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Psoriatic arthritis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cabergoline]], [[dexfenfluramine]], [[dopamine agonists]], [[fenfluramine]], [[methysergide]], [[pergolide]], [[phentermine]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[Whipple disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[bicuspid aortic valve]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]], [[I-cell disease|mucolipidosis II alpha/beta]], [[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|mucolipidosis III gamma]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler/Scheie syndrome]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Scheie syndrome]], [[Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome]], [[truncus arteriosus]], [[Turner's syndrome]], [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|unicuspid aortic valve]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aortic valvuloplasty]], [[Aortic stenosis valvuloplasty#Complications|balloon valvotomy]], [[Transposition of the great vessels corrective surgery|double switch operation]], [[Prosthetic valve|prosthetic valve dysfunction]], [[radiation]], [[Transposition of the great vessels corrective surgery#Rastelli operation|Senning-Rastelli procedure]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bacterial endocarditis]], [[Endocarditis|perivalvular abscess]], [[Q fever]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[syphilis]], [[syphilitic aortitis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[Reiter's Syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[spondyloarthropathy]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[I-cell disease|Mucolipidosis II alpha/beta]], [[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|mucolipidosis III gamma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Bechterew's Disease|Bechterew's disease]], [[Behcet disease]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[cystic medial necrosis]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Marfan syndrome]], [[Myxomatous degeneration|myxomatous aortic valve]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[polychondritis]], [[polymyalgia rheumatica]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[spondyloarthropathy]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[Whipple disease]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chest trauma]], [[traumatic aortic rupture]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| |
| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Acromegaly]] <ref name="Pereira-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pereira | first1 = AM. | last2 = van Thiel | first2 = SW. | last3 = Lindner | first3 = JR. | last4 = Roelfsema | first4 = F. | last5 = van der Wall | first5 = EE. | last6 = Morreau | first6 = H. | last7 = Smit | first7 = JW. | last8 = Romijn | first8 = JA. | last9 = Bax | first9 = JJ. | title = Increased prevalence of regurgitant valvular heart disease in acromegaly. | journal = J Clin Endocrinol Metab | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 71-5 | month = Jan | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 14715829 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]<ref>Palazzi C, D' Angelo S, Lubrano E, Olivieri I. Aortic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. May-Jun 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S131-4.</ref>
| |
| *[[Annuloaortic ectasia]]
| |
| *[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Aortic dissection]]
| |
| *[[Aortic valvuloplasty]]
| |
| *[[Arterial tortuosity syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
| |
| *[[Bacterial endocarditis]] <ref name="Stiles-1980">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stiles | first1 = GL. | last2 = Friesinger | first2 = GC. | title = Bacterial endocarditis with aortic regurgitation: implications of embolism. | journal = South Med J | volume = 73 | issue = 5 | pages = 582-6 | month = May | year = 1980 | doi = | PMID = 7375973 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Aortic stenosis valvuloplasty#Complications|Balloon valvotomy]]
| |
| *[[Bechterew's Disease|Bechterew's disease]]
| |
| *[[Behcet disease]]
| |
| *[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<ref name="Roberts-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Roberts | first1 = WC. | last2 = Vowels | first2 = TJ. | last3 = Ko | first3 = JM. | title = Natural history of adults with congenitally malformed aortic valves (unicuspid or bicuspid). | journal = Medicine (Baltimore) | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 287-308 | month = Nov | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182764b84 | PMID = 23117850 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Cabergoline]]
| |
| *[[Collagen vascular disease]]
| |
| *[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Congenitally fenestrated cusp rupture]]
| |
| *[[Cystic medial necrosis]]
| |
| *[[Dexfenfluramine]]
| |
| *[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Dopamine agonists]]<ref name="pmid17202453">{{cite journal |author=Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E |title=Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=356 |issue=1 |pages=29–38 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17202453 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa062222 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa062222 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid11104741">{{cite journal |author=Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Savage JE, Rauser L, McBride A, Hufeisen SJ, Roth BL |title=Evidence for possible involvement of 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiac valvulopathy associated with fenfluramine and other serotonergic medications |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=102 |issue=23 |pages=2836–41 |year=2000 |month=December |pmid=11104741 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajourals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11104741 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid16092580">{{cite journal |author=Waller EA, Kaplan J, Heckman MG |title=Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide |journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic]] |volume=80 |issue=8 |pages=1016–20 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16092580 |doi= |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16092580 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Transposition of the great vessels corrective surgery|Double switch operation]]
| |
| *[[Down syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] <ref name="Wunderlich-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wunderlich | first1 = C. | last2 = Schulze | first2 = MR. | last3 = Strasser | first3 = RH. | title = Severe aortic regurgitation in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. | journal = Heart | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 126 | month = Jan | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1136/hrt.2004.035097 | PMID = 15604357 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Fenfluramine]] <ref name="Jollis-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jollis | first1 = JG. | last2 = Landolfo | first2 = CK. | last3 = Kisslo | first3 = J. | last4 = Constantine | first4 = GD. | last5 = Davis | first5 = KD. | last6 = Ryan | first6 = T. | title = Fenfluramine and phentermine and cardiovascular findings: effect of treatment duration on prevalence of valve abnormalities. | journal = Circulation | volume = 101 | issue = 17 | pages = 2071-7 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 10790349 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Giant cell arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Hurler syndrome]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Kim-1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = M. | last2 = Roman | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Cavallini | first3 = MC. | last4 = Schwartz | first4 = JE. | last5 = Pickering | first5 = TG. | last6 = Devereux | first6 = RB. | title = Effect of hypertension on aortic root size and prevalence of aortic regurgitation. | journal = Hypertension | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-52 | month = Jul | year = 1996 | doi = | PMID = 8675263 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
| |
| *[[Marantic endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Marfan syndrome]] <ref name="Brown-1975">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = OR. | last2 = DeMots | first2 = H. | last3 = Kloster | first3 = FE. | last4 = Roberts | first4 = A. | last5 = Menashe | first5 = VD. | last6 = Beals | first6 = RK. | title = Aortic root dilatation and mitral valve prolapse in Marfan's syndrome: an ECHOCARDIOgraphic study. | journal = Circulation | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 651-7 | month = Oct | year = 1975 | doi = | PMID = 1157278 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Methysergide]]
| |
| *[[I-cell disease|Mucolipidosis II alpha/beta]]
| |
| *[[Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy|Mucolipidosis III gamma]]
| |
| *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis]]
| |
| *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler/Scheie syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Myxomatous degeneration|Myxomatous aortic valve]]
| |
| *[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]] <ref name="Lamanna-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lamanna | first1 = A. | last2 = Fayers | first2 = T. | last3 = Clarke | first3 = S. | last4 = Parsonage | first4 = W. | title = Valvular and aortic diseases in osteogenesis imperfecta. | journal = Heart Lung Circ | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 801-10 | month = Oct | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.05.640 | PMID = 23791715 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Pergolide]]
| |
| *[[Endocarditis|Perivalvular abscess]]
| |
| *[[Phentermine]] <ref name="Jollis-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jollis | first1 = JG. | last2 = Landolfo | first2 = CK. | last3 = Kisslo | first3 = J. | last4 = Constantine | first4 = GD. | last5 = Davis | first5 = KD. | last6 = Ryan | first6 = T. | title = Fenfluramine and phentermine and cardiovascular findings: effect of treatment duration on prevalence of valve abnormalities. | journal = Circulation | volume = 101 | issue = 17 | pages = 2071-7 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 10790349 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Polychondritis]]
| |
| *[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
| |
| *[[Prosthetic valve|Prosthetic valve dysfunction]]<ref name="Mullenix-2008">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mullenix | first1 = PS. | last2 = Parsa | first2 = CJ. | last3 = Mackensen | first3 = GB. | last4 = Jollis | first4 = JG. | last5 = Harrison | first5 = JK. | last6 = Hughes | first6 = GC. | title = Pannus-related prosthetic valve dysfunction and life-threatening aortic regurgitation. | journal = J Heart Valve Dis | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 666-9 | month = Nov | year = 2008 | doi = | PMID = 19137799 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]] <ref name="COFFMAN-1959">{{Cite journal | last1 = COFFMAN | first1 = JD. | last2 = SOMMERS | first2 = SC. | title = Familial pseudoxanthoma elasticum and valvular heart disease. | journal = Circulation | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 242-50 | month = Feb | year = 1959 | doi = | PMID = 13629785 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Q fever]]
| |
| *[[Radiation]]
| |
| *[[Reactive arthritis]]
| |
| *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatic fever]] <ref name="Spagnuolo-1971">{{Cite journal | last1 = Spagnuolo | first1 = M. | last2 = Kloth | first2 = H. | last3 = Taranta | first3 = A. | last4 = Doyle | first4 = E. | last5 = Pasternack | first5 = B. | title = Natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Criteria predictive of death, congestive heart failure, and angina in young patients. | journal = Circulation | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 368-80 | month = Sep | year = 1971 | doi = | PMID = 4255488 }}</ref>
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] <ref name="Levine-1999">{{Cite journal | last1 = Levine | first1 = AJ. | last2 = Dimitri | first2 = WR. | last3 = Bonser | first3 = RS. | title = Aortic regurgitation in rheumatoid arthritis necessitating aortic valve replacement. | journal = Eur J Cardiothorac Surg | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 213-4 | month = Feb | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10219558 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Scheie syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Annuloaortic ectasia|Senile aortic ectasia and dilation]]
| |
| *[[Calcific aortic valve disease|Senile or degenerative calcific aortic valve disease]]
| |
| *[[Transposition of the great vessels corrective surgery#Rastelli operation|Senning-Rastelli procedure]]
| |
| *[[Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva|Sinus of valsalva aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Spondyloarthropathy]]
| |
| *[[Subaortic stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Taussig-Bing syndrome|Subpulmonic ventricular septal defect]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Syphilitic aortitis]] <ref name="Aizawa-1998">{{Cite journal | last1 = Aizawa | first1 = H. | last2 = Hasegawa | first2 = A. | last3 = Arai | first3 = M. | last4 = Naganuma | first4 = F. | last5 = Hatori | first5 = M. | last6 = Kanda | first6 = T. | last7 = Suzuki | first7 = T. | last8 = Murata | first8 = K. | last9 = Satoh | first9 = Y. | title = Bilateral coronary ostial stenosis and aortic regurgitation due to syphilitic aortitis. | journal = Intern Med | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 56-9 | month = Jan | year = 1998 | doi = | PMID = 9510401 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] <ref name="Miyashita-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Miyashita | first1 = T. | last2 = Abe | first2 = Y. | last3 = Kato | first3 = Y. | last4 = Nakagawa | first4 = E. | last5 = Komatsu | first5 = R. | last6 = Hattori | first6 = K. | last7 = Shibata | first7 = T. | last8 = Yoshioka | first8 = K. | last9 = Naruko | first9 = T. | title = Aortic aneurysm with severe aortic regurgitation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal = Intern Med | volume = 49 | issue = 20 | pages = 2263-6 | month = | year = 2010 | doi = | PMID = 20962447 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Takayasu arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
| |
| *[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Traumatic aortic rupture]]
| |
| *[[Chest trauma|Traumatic rupture of valve leaflets]]
| |
| *[[Truncus arteriosus]]
| |
| *[[Turner's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
| |
| *[[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|Unicuspid aortic valve]]
| |
| *[[Ventricular septal defect]]
| |
| *[[Whipple disease]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
| ===Causes of Aortic Insufficiency as of Type of Onset===
| |
| ====Causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency====
| |
| The causes of Acute Aortic Insufficiency include the following:<ref name="pmid19564568">{{cite journal| author=Stout KK, Verrier ED| title=Acute valvular regurgitation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2009 | volume= 119 | issue= 25 | pages= 3232-41 | pmid=19564568 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.782292 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564568 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21423463">{{cite journal| author=Mokadam NA, Stout KK, Verrier ED| title=Management of acute regurgitation in left-sided cardiac valves. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2011 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-19 | pmid=21423463 | doi= | pmc=3060740 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21423463 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10724525">{{cite journal| author=Blaszyk H, Witkiewicz AJ, Edwards WD| title=Acute aortic regurgitation due to spontaneous rupture of a fenestrated cusp: report in a 65-year-old man and review of seven additional cases. | journal=Cardiovasc Pathol | year= 1999 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-6 | pmid=10724525 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10724525 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal| author=Isner JM| title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 1436-44 | pmid=2016464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2016464 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| *[[Aortic valvuloplasty]]<ref name="pmid2016464">{{cite journal |author=Isner JM |title=Acute catastrophic complications of balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry Investigators |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1436–44 |year=1991 |month=May |pmid=2016464 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-03-28}}</ref>
| |
| *A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.<ref name="Lai-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lai | first1 = DT. | last2 = Miller | first2 = DC. | last3 = Mitchell | first3 = RS. | last4 = Oyer | first4 = PE. | last5 = Moore | first5 = KA. | last6 = Robbins | first6 = RC. | last7 = Shumway | first7 = NE. | last8 = Reitz | first8 = BA. | title = Acute type A aortic dissection complicated by aortic regurgitation: composite valve graft versus separate valve graft versus conservative valve repair. | journal = J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | volume = 126 | issue = 6 | pages = 1978-86 | month = Dec | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0022 | PMID = 14688716 }}</ref>
| |
| *In [[bacterial endocarditis]] the [[infection]] can erode the valve and cause a leaflet to become flail, or a vegetation can prevent coaptation of the leaflets.
| |
| *Blunt [[chest trauma]] can disrupt the supporting apparatus of the [[aortic valve]].
| |
| *[[Myxomatous degeneration|Myxomatous aortic valve]] can degenerate, leading to insufficiency.
| |
| *[[Prosthetic valve|Prosthetic valve dysfunction]]<ref>Friedman T, Mani A, Elefteriades JA. Bicuspid aortic valve: clinical approach and scientific review of a common clinical entity. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. Feb 2008;6(2):235-48.</ref>
| |
| *[[Rheumatic fever]]<ref name="Spagnuolo-1971">{{Cite journal | last1 = Spagnuolo | first1 = M. | last2 = Kloth | first2 = H. | last3 = Taranta | first3 = A. | last4 = Doyle | first4 = E. | last5 = Pasternack | first5 = B. | title = Natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Criteria predictive of death, congestive heart failure, and angina in young patients. | journal = Circulation | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 368-80 | month = Sep | year = 1971 | doi = | PMID = 4255488 }}</ref>
| |
| *Rupture of a [[Aortic valve#Disease of the aortic valve|congenitally fenestrated cusp]]<ref name="Stout-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stout | first1 = KK. | last2 = Verrier | first2 = ED. | title = Acute valvular regurgitation. | journal = Circulation | volume = 119 | issue = 25 | pages = 3232-41 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.782292 | PMID = 19564568 }}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ====Causes of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency====
| |
| The cause of Chronic Aortic Insufficiency include the following:<ref name="pmid15470217">{{cite journal| author=Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ| title=Clinical practice. Aortic regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 15 | pages= 1539-46 | pmid=15470217 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030912 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15470217 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10051296">{{cite journal| author=Devlin WH, Petrusha J, Briesmiester K, Montgomery D, Starling MR| title=Impact of vascular adaptation to chronic aortic regurgitation on left ventricular performance. | journal=Circulation | year= 1999 | volume= 99 | issue= 8 | pages= 1027-33 | pmid=10051296 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10051296 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]] can be associated with inflammation of the [[aorta]] ([[aortitis]]).<ref>Palazzi C, D' Angelo S, Lubrano E, Olivieri I. Aortic involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. May-Jun 2008;26(3 Suppl 49):S131-4.</ref> The inflammatory process can also involve the septum and cause [[conduction disease]].
| |
| *A [[Aortic dissection classification#Stanford Classification System|type A aortic dissection]] may disrupt the integrity of the valve leaflets causing malcoaptation of the aortic leaflets.
| |
| *[[Bechterew's Disease|Bechterew's disease]]
| |
| *Rarely, in 5% of cases with [[Behcet disease]] there is an [[aortitis]] that involves the [[ascending aorta]] and in some cases the [[coronary arteries]] are involved.
| |
| *[[Bicuspid aortic valve]] is the most common congenital abnormality of the [[heart]]. It is the most common cause of isolated aortic insufficiency requiring surgical repair. Bicuspid aortic valve is also associated with [[inflammation]] of the [[aorta]] (an aortopathy) which may lead to dilation of the [[aorta]] and/or [[aortic dissection]] that can worsen the aortic insufficiency.<ref>Friedman T, Mani A, Elefteriades JA. Bicuspid aortic valve: clinical approach and scientific review of a common clinical entity. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. Feb 2008;6(2):235-48.</ref>
| |
| *[[Cystic medial necrosis]] of the aorta
| |
| *[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Giant cell arteritis]] may also be associated with an [[aortitis]] as well as [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>Eberhardt RT, Dhadly M. Giant cell arteritis: diagnosis, management, and cardiovascular implications. Cardiol Rev. Mar-Apr 2007;15(2):55-61.</ref>
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Marfan Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Myxomatous degeneration|Myxomatous aortic valve]]
| |
| *[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
| |
| *[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
| |
| *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatic fever]] remains a cause of [[AS]] in the Middle East, Northern Africa and Asia as well as some immigrant populations in the United States. It is less prevalent in the US than it was in the 20th century. AR occurs as a result of [[fibrosis]] of the valve that is associated with thickening and retraction of the leaflets of the [[aortic valve]]. This retraction results in regurgitation in the center of the valve. At the same time, there may also be fusion of the aortic leaflets which results in concurrent [[aortic stenosis]]. It should be noted that rheumatic disease of the [[mitral valve]] is usually present in the same patient.
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] rarely causes symptomatic AR, but it can cause [[granulomatous]] nodules on the aortic leaflets which leads to clinical aortic regurgitation.<ref>Chand EM, Freant LJ, Rubin JW. Aortic valve rheumatoid nodules producing clinical aortic regurgitation and a review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol. Nov-Dec 1999;8(6):333-8.</ref>
| |
| *[[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva|Sinus of valsalva aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] can cause AR by tow mechanisms. SLE can cause [[inflammation]] and [[fibrosis]] of the aortic leaflets leading to their damage and retraction.<ref>Jain D, Halushka MK. Cardiac pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol. Jul 2009;62(7):584-92.</ref> SLE can also be associated with the development of sterile verrucous vegetations on the valves called [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]].<ref>Moyssakis I, Tektonidou MG, Vasilliou VA, Samarkos M, Votteas V, Moutsopoulos HM. Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, associations, and evolution. Am J Med. Jul 2007;120(7):636-42.</ref><ref>Lee JL, Naguwa SM, Cheema GS, Gershwin ME. Revisiting Libman-Sacks endocarditis: a historical review and update. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. Jun 2009;36(2-3):126-30.</ref>
| |
| *[[Takayasu arteritis]] can involve the [[aorta]] in an [[aortitis]], the [[aortic valve]] itself, and the [[coronary arteries]].<ref>Adachi O, Saiki Y, Akasaka J, Oda K, Iguchi A, Tabayashi K. Surgical management of aortic regurgitation associated with takayasu arteritis and other forms of aortitis. Ann Thorac Surg. Dec 2007;84(6):1950-3.</ref>
| |
| *[[Turner's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ventricular septal defect]]<ref name="Schmaltz-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schmaltz | first1 = AA. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = M. | last3 = Hentrich | first3 = F. | last4 = Neudorf | first4 = U. | last5 = Brecher | first5 = AM. | last6 = Asfour | first6 = B. | last7 = Urban | first7 = AE. | title = [Ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation-pathophysiological aspects and therapeutic consequences]. | journal = Z Kardiol | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 194-200 | month = Mar | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1007/s00392-004-0015-2 | PMID = 15024586 }}</ref>
| |
| *[[Weight loss]] medications including [[fenfluramine]] and [[dexfenfluramine]] (a.k.a. [[Phen-Fen]]). These drugs have been associated with degeneration of the aortic valve.
| |
| * [[Whipple disease]] can involve the aortic valve.<ref>Jeserich M, Ihling C, Holubarsch C. Aortic valve endocarditis with Whipple disease. Ann Intern Med. Jun 1 1997;126(11):920.</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
