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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RG}} |
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| {{SK}} | | {{SK}}Nun's murmur, Bruit de diable |
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | == Pathology == |
| [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
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| The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
| | * Venous hum is a benign phenomena, which is caused by blood flow over jugular veins. |
| | | * At rest approximately 20% of Cardiac out put pass through internal carotid and vertebral bodies. |
| In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
| | * It may result in a continuous humming noise. |
| | | * Typically it is heard in upper chest near clavicle. |
| In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
| | * It can be differentiated from cardiac murmurs only by placing a finger on jugular vein which abolish or change the murmur however cardiac born murmurs will not change by this maneuver. |
| | | * the murmur is also position dependent and can change in intensity if the patient lies in supine form or turn their head to one side.<ref name="pmid21250132">{{cite journal| author=Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW| title=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations | journal= | year= 1990 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=21250132 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref> |
| There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
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| In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
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| ==Classification==
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| There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
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| [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
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| [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
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| [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
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| Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
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| If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
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| According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
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| The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
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| There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
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| It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3]. | |
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| OR
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| [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
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| Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
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| OR
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| [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
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| The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
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| The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
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| ==Causes==
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| Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
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| Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
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| The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
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| OR
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| The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
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| ==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
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| [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
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| [Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
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| Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
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| The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
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| [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
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| [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
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| [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
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| There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
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| [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
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| [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
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| [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
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| The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
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| [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
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| The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
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| OR
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| Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
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| OR
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| Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
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| ==Screening==
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| There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
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| According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
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| According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
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| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |
| If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
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| Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| OR
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| Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| ===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
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| The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
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| The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3]. | |
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| The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
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| There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
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| ===History and Symptoms===
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| The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
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| The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
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| The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
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| Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
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| [Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
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| OR
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| Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
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| There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
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| ===Electrocardiogram===
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| There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
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| An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| ===X-ray===
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| There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
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| An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
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| There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
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| OR
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| Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| ===CT scan=== | |
| There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
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| [Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| ===MRI===
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| There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
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| [Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| ===Other Imaging Findings===
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| There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
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| [Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| ===Other Diagnostic Studies===
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| There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
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| [Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| OR
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| Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Medical Therapy===
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| There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
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| Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
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| The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
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| [Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
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| OR
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| The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
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| The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
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| OR
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| [Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
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| OR
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| Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
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| Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
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| Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
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| Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
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| ===Surgery===
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| Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
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| Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
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| OR
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| The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
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| OR
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| The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
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| OR
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| Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
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| ===Primary Prevention===
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| There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
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| There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
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| Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
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| [Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
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| ===Secondary Prevention===
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| There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
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| OR
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| Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
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| ==References== | | ==References== |