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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
* Common causes of junctional rhythm include the following diseases and medications:<ref name="pmid206067902">{{cite journal| author=Trappe HJ| title=Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes. | journal=J Emerg Trauma Shock | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-42 | pmid=20606790 | doi=10.4103/0974-2700.62112 | pmc=2884444 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20606790 }}</ref> | |||
* | **[[Acute MI]] | ||
**[[Acute rheumatic fever]] | |||
*[[Heart surgery]] | **[[Antiarrhythmic agents]] | ||
*[[ | **[[Beta-blockers]] | ||
*[[NSTEMI]] | **[[Calcium channel blockers]] | ||
*[[STEMI]] | **[[Complete heart block]] | ||
**[[Conduction system disease]] | |||
**[[Digitalis toxicity]] | |||
**[[Diphtheria]] | |||
**Healthy response during sleep in patients with [[heightened vagal tone]] | |||
**[[Heart surgery]] particularly [[valve replacement]] or surgery for [[congenital heart disease]] | |||
**[[Ischemic heart disease]] | |||
**[[Lyme disease]] | |||
**[[NSTEMI]] | |||
**[[Sick sinus syndrome]] | |||
**[[Sinus arrest]] | |||
**[[Sinus bradycardia]] | |||
**[[STEMI]] particularly inferior MI involving the [[posterior descending artery]] causing ischemia of the [[AV node]] due to poor perfusion in the [[AV nodal artery]] | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Revision as of 04:09, 16 April 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
See also: Junctional bradycardia for slow junctional rhythms, and junctional tachycardia for fast jucntional rhythms
Overview
Junctional rhythm describes an abnormal heart rhythm resulting from impulses coming from a locus of tissue in the area of the atrioventricular node, the "junction" between atria and ventricles.
Classification
- Junctional rhythm can be classified according to the rate of the heart rate as the following:[1][2][3]
Junctional Rhythm
- The junctional rate is normal.
Junction escape rhythm:
- The junctional rate is about 40-60 beats per minute.
Accelerated junctional rhythm:
- The juncitonal rate can be accelerated (60-100 beats per minute).
Junctional Bradycardia
- The junctional rate may be slow (40-60 beats per minute) in which case the rhythm is referred to as junctional bradycardia.
Junctional Tachycardia
- The junctional rate may be rapid in which case the rhythm is referred to as a junctional tachycardia.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
- The sinoatrial node in the heart is the pacemaker that determine the rate of the heart beats. The electrical impulse starts from the sinoatrial node then travels through the atria. It continues through the bundle of his, Purkinje fibers, and the ventricles ending one heart beat.[4][5]
- This sinus rhythm indicates the atria normally contracts before the ventricles.
Pathogenesis
- The junctional rhythm can be originated by many medications that affect the sinoatrial node and make the atrioventricular node an ectopic impulses foci. Many conditions as well causes junctional rhythm by creating new pacemaker instead of the sinoatrial node.[6]
- In junctional rhythm, the heart beats rate are not controlled by the sinoatrial node. The new pacemaker in the junctional rhythm is the atrioventricular node.[7]
- The atria contracts before the ventricles but from a different signal. The impulse contracting the atria comes from the ventricles not the normal impulse coming from the sinoatrial node.[8][9]
Causes
- Common causes of junctional rhythm include the following diseases and medications:[10]
- Acute MI
- Acute rheumatic fever
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Complete heart block
- Conduction system disease
- Digitalis toxicity
- Diphtheria
- Healthy response during sleep in patients with heightened vagal tone
- Heart surgery particularly valve replacement or surgery for congenital heart disease
- Ischemic heart disease
- Lyme disease
- NSTEMI
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Sinus arrest
- Sinus bradycardia
- STEMI particularly inferior MI involving the posterior descending artery causing ischemia of the AV node due to poor perfusion in the AV nodal artery
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- In the United States, the prevalence of junctional rhythm is 166 in 100,000 individuals with sinus node dysfunction.[11]
Age
- The prevalence of junctional rhythm increases with age.
Gender
- Men and women are affected equally by juntional rhythm.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
- If left untreated, junctional rhythm can lead to syncope and other severe complications.[12]
Complications
- Complications of junctional rhythm include the following:[12]
- Syncope
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
Prognosis
- Prognosis of junctional rhythm is good with the proper treatment.
History and Symptoms
History
- Patients presenting with juncitonal rhythm disease should be asked properly for history of other cardiac conditions.
- Other cardiac conditions can affect the presentation of the patients. These cardiac conditions include:
- Heart failure
- Sick sinus syndrome
Symptoms
- Patients with juncitonal rhythm disease can be asymptomatic.
- Symptoms of junctional rhythm can be non specific and includes the following:
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Syncope
- Palpitaions
- Symptoms vary according to the underlying cause of junctional rhythm as the following:[13][14][15]
- Heart failure:
- Shortness of breath
- Lower extremities edema
- Valve dysfunction due to rheumatic fever:
- Fever
- Arthritis
- Skin rash
- Heart failure:
Diagnosis
Electrocardiogram
- The QRS complexes are narrow in so far as conduction down the His bundle is normal
- The junctional rate may be slow (40-60 beats per minute) in which case the rhythm is referred to as junctional bradycardia
- The junctional rate may be normal as shown in the tracing below
- The junctional rate may be rapid in which case the rhythm is referred to as a junctional tachycardia
- There is dissociation of the narrow complex QRS from an upright atrial p wave or the p wave is missing, or the p wave is retrograde (a retrograde p wave) due to retrograde conduction from the AV node back into the atrium.
EKG Examples
Shown below is an EKG depicting AV dissociation with variable timing of the p wave in relation to the QRS. A narrow complex junctional escape rhythm at 75 beats per minute is present.
Shown below is an EKG with a a regular rhythm at a rate of about 43/minute. There are no P waves to be seen and the QRS duration is about 80 ms. This is a nodal rhythm.
Copyleft images obtained courtesy of ECGpedia, http://en.ecgpedia.org.
Treatment
Medical therapy
- The underlying cause of junctional rhythm should be defined first before attempting treatment.
- Asymptomatic patients with only juncitonal rhythm and no other cardiac conditions do not require further management. The rhythm here is due to increased vagal tone only.
- Patients with sinus node dysfunction should be managed cautiously as the pulse originating from other foci keeps the heart rate.
- Patients with junctional rhythm due to digoxin toxicity are given atropine and digoxin specific antibody.[16][17]
- Patients who do not respond to the usual medical therapy can be administered phenytoin.
Surgery
- In children, symptomatic patients can undergo percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. [18]
- Pacemaker:[19]
- Indicated for patients with sick sinus syndrome and complete AV block.
Related Chapters
References
- ↑ Spodick DH (1992). "Normal sinus heart rate: sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia redefined". Am Heart J. 124 (4): 1119–21. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(92)91012-p. PMID 1529897.
- ↑ Thery C, Gosselin B, Lekieffre J, Warembourg H (1977). "Pathology of sinoatrial node. Correlations with electrocardiographic findings in 111 patients". Am Heart J. 93 (6): 735–40. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(77)80070-7. PMID 871100.
- ↑ Dobrzynski H, Anderson RH, Atkinson A, Borbas Z, D'Souza A, Fraser JF; et al. (2013). "Structure, function and clinical relevance of the cardiac conduction system, including the atrioventricular ring and outflow tract tissues". Pharmacol Ther. 139 (2): 260–88. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.010. PMID 23612425.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster dictionary > Junctional rhythm Retrieved September 2010
- ↑ Kim D, Shinohara T, Joung B, Maruyama M, Choi EK, On YK; et al. (2010). "Calcium dynamics and the mechanisms of atrioventricular junctional rhythm". J Am Coll Cardiol. 56 (10): 805–12. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.070. PMC 3050609. PMID 20797495.
- ↑ Silvestri NJ, Ismail H, Zimetbaum P, Raynor EM (2018). "Cardiac involvement in the muscular dystrophies". Muscle Nerve. 57 (5): 707–715. doi:10.1002/mus.26014. PMID 29130502.
- ↑ eMedicine:"Junctional Rhythms" http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic1212.htm
- ↑ medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/retrograde+conduction
- ↑ Dobrzynski H, Anderson RH, Atkinson A, Borbas Z, D'Souza A, Fraser JF; et al. (2013). "Structure, function and clinical relevance of the cardiac conduction system, including the atrioventricular ring and outflow tract tissues". Pharmacol Ther. 139 (2): 260–88. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.010. PMID 23612425.
- ↑ Trappe HJ (2010). "Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 3 (2): 137–42. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.62112. PMC 2884444. PMID 20606790.
- ↑ Romhilt DW, Doyle M, Sagar KB, Hastillo A, Wolfgang TC, Lower RR; et al. (1982). "Prevalence and significance of arrhythmias in long-term survivors of cardiac transplantation". Circulation. 66 (2 Pt 2): I219–22. PMID 6177443.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Di Biase L, Gianni C, Bagliani G, Padeletti L (2017). "Arrhythmias Involving the Atrioventricular Junction". Card Electrophysiol Clin. 9 (3): 435–452. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2017.05.004. PMID 28838549.
- ↑ Cools E, Missant C (2014). "Junctional ectopic tachycardia after congenital heart surgery". Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 65 (1): 1–8. PMID 24988822.
- ↑ Di Biase L, Gianni C, Bagliani G, Padeletti L (2017). "Arrhythmias Involving the Atrioventricular Junction". Card Electrophysiol Clin. 9 (3): 435–452. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2017.05.004. PMID 28838549.
- ↑ Trappe HJ (2010). "Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 3 (2): 137–42. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.62112. PMC 2884444. PMID 20606790.
- ↑ Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP, Haber E, Smith TW (1990). "Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Final report of a multicenter study". Circulation. 81 (6): 1744–52. doi:10.1161/01.cir.81.6.1744. PMID 2188752.
- ↑ Kelly RA, Smith TW (1992). "Recognition and management of digitalis toxicity". Am J Cardiol. 69 (18): 108G–118G, disc. 118G-119G. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91259-7. PMID 1626485.
- ↑ Tuohy S, Saliba W, Pai M, Tchou P (2018). "Catheter ablation as a treatment of atrioventricular block". Heart Rhythm. 15 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.08.015. PMID 28823599.
- ↑ Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR, Anderson RH (2007). "New insights into pacemaker activity: promoting understanding of sick sinus syndrome". Circulation. 115 (14): 1921–32. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.616011. PMID 17420362.