COVID-19-associated anemia: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[COVID-19|Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]] is caused by a novel [[coronavirus]] called [[SARS-CoV-2]], which caused a respiratory illness [[outbreak]] that was first detected in Wuhan, China. Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with COVID-19 infection, decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported. The pathophysiology of decrease in hemoglobin in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection are hypothetically affected [[erythropoiesis]] due to [[inflammation]] during [[COVID-19]] infection which leads to decrease in [[hemoglobin]]. | [[COVID-19|Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]] is caused by a novel [[coronavirus]] called [[SARS-CoV-2]], which caused a respiratory illness [[outbreak]] that was first detected in Wuhan, China. Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]]. Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported. The [[pathophysiology]] of decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection are hypothetically affected [[erythropoiesis]] due to [[inflammation]] during [[COVID-19]] infection which leads to decrease in [[hemoglobin]]. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
* Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). | * Anemia in general is defined as a [[hemoglobin]] level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]]. | ||
* The following is the classification of [[anemia]] in general by red blood cell size with [[Mean corpuscular volume|mean corpuscular volume (MCV)]]: | * The following is the classification of [[anemia]] in general by red blood cell size with [[Mean corpuscular volume|mean corpuscular volume (MCV)]]: | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The pathophysiology of decrease in hemoglobin and rarity of anemia in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection are as the followings:<ref name="pmid32495027">{{cite journal| author=Liu X, Zhang R, He G| title=Hematological findings in coronavirus disease 2019: indications of progression of disease. | journal=Ann Hematol | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=32495027 | doi=10.1007/s00277-020-04103-5 | pmc=7266734 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32495027 }} </ref> | The [[pathophysiology]] of decrease in hemoglobin and rarity of anemia in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection are as the followings:<ref name="pmid32495027">{{cite journal| author=Liu X, Zhang R, He G| title=Hematological findings in coronavirus disease 2019: indications of progression of disease. | journal=Ann Hematol | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=32495027 | doi=10.1007/s00277-020-04103-5 | pmc=7266734 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32495027 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Erythropoiesis]] may be affected by [[inflammation]] during [[COVID-19]] infection which leads to decrease in [[hemoglobin]].<ref name="pmid32495027" /> | *[[Erythropoiesis]] may be affected by [[inflammation]] during [[COVID-19]] infection which leads to decrease in [[hemoglobin]].<ref name="pmid32495027" /> | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
* Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013">{{cite journal| author=Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2020 | volume= 382 | issue= 18 | pages= 1708-1720 | pmid=32109013 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 | pmc=7092819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32109013 }} </ref> | * Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013">{{cite journal| author=Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2020 | volume= 382 | issue= 18 | pages= 1708-1720 | pmid=32109013 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 | pmc=7092819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32109013 }} </ref> | ||
* The median [[hemoglobin]] is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * The median [[hemoglobin]] is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
* Decrease in hemoglobin is seen more in critically ill patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection.<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * Decrease in [[hemoglobin]] is seen more in critically ill patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection.<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
* The [[diagnostic study of choice]] for [[anemia]] is compelete blood count (CBC). | * The [[diagnostic study of choice]] for [[anemia]] is compelete blood count (CBC). | ||
* Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). | * Anemia in general is defined as a [[hemoglobin]] level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]]. | ||
* The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
* Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
* The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
*Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). | *Anemia in general is defined as a [[hemoglobin]] level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]]. | ||
*There is insufficient information about the symptoms of [[COVID-19]]-associated-[[anemia]]. | *There is insufficient information about the symptoms of [[COVID-19]]-associated-[[anemia]]. | ||
* Patients with anemia in general should be asked about:<ref name="pmid27866575">{{cite journal| author=Powell DJ, Achebe MO| title=Anemia for the Primary Care Physician. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 4 | pages= 527-542 | pmid=27866575 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27866575 }} </ref> | * Patients with [[anemia]] in general should be asked about:<ref name="pmid27866575">{{cite journal| author=Powell DJ, Achebe MO| title=Anemia for the Primary Care Physician. | journal=Prim Care | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 4 | pages= 527-542 | pmid=27866575 | doi=10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27866575 }} </ref> | ||
** Blood loss | ** Blood loss | ||
** Duration of the anemia | ** Duration of the anemia | ||
** Any associated features | ** Any associated features | ||
** Infection | **[[Infection]] | ||
**[[Cancer]] | **[[Cancer]] | ||
** Comorbidities that cause anemia (such as [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]]) | ** Comorbidities that cause [[anemia]] (such as [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], and [[inflammatory bowel disease]]) | ||
** Past medical history | ** Past medical history | ||
** Patient’s ethnicity may influence the differential | ** Patient’s ethnicity may influence the differential | ||
** Family history | **[[Family history]] | ||
** Drug history ([[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]]) | ** Drug history ([[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]]) | ||
| Line 102: | Line 102: | ||
* Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * Although [[anemia]] is not a common finding in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection, but decrease in [[hemoglobin]] in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] infection has been reported.<ref name="pmid32495027" /><ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
* The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | * The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).<ref name="pmid32109013" /> | ||
*Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). | *Anemia in general is defined as a [[hemoglobin]] level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]]. | ||
*There is insufficient information about the signs found on physical | *There is insufficient information about the signs found on [[physical examination]] of [[COVID-19]]-associated-[[anemia]]. | ||
* The [[physical examination]] in patients with [[anemia]] in general may include checking for:<ref name="pmid27866575" /> | * The [[physical examination]] in patients with [[anemia]] in general may include checking for:<ref name="pmid27866575" /> | ||
** Pallor of the [[conjunctiva]] | ** Pallor of the [[conjunctiva]] | ||
| Line 115: | Line 115: | ||
* Compelete blood count (CBC)''':<ref name="pmid28189170" /><ref name="pmid32109013" />''' | * Compelete blood count (CBC)''':<ref name="pmid28189170" /><ref name="pmid32109013" />''' | ||
** The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL). | ** The median [[hemoglobin]] is lower in patients with severe [[COVID-19]] (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL). | ||
*[[Blood film|Peripheral blood smear]]: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine [[Blood film|peripheral blood smear]] in COVID 19 patients. | *[[Blood film|Peripheral blood smear]]: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine [[Blood film|peripheral blood smear]] in COVID 19 patients. | ||
| Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
===Electrocardiogram=== | ===Electrocardiogram=== | ||
There are no [[The electrocardiogram|ECG]] findings associated with COVID-19-associated anemia. | There are no [[The electrocardiogram|ECG]] findings associated with [[COVID-19|COVID-1]]9-associated anemia. | ||
===X-ray=== | ===X-ray=== | ||
There are no [[X-rays|x-ray]] findings associated with COVID-19 associated anemia. | There are no [[X-rays|x-ray]] findings associated with [[COVID-19]] associated anemia. | ||
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ||
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with COVID-19-associated anemia. | There are no [[echocardiography]]/[[ultrasound]] findings associated with [[COVID-19]]-associated anemia. | ||
===CT scan=== | ===CT scan=== | ||
There are no [[Computed tomography|CT]] scan findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia. | There are no [[Computed tomography|CT]] scan findings associated with [[COVID-19]] associated-anemia. | ||
===MRI=== | ===MRI=== | ||
There are no [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia. | There are no [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] findings associated with [[COVID-19]] associated-anemia. | ||
===Other Imaging Findings=== | ===Other Imaging Findings=== | ||
There are no other imaging findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia. | There are no other [[imaging]] findings associated with [[COVID-19]] associated-anemia. | ||
===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | ||
* [[Bone marrow examination]]: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine bone marrow examination in COVID-19 patients<ref name="pmid28189170" /> | * [[Bone marrow examination]]: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine [[bone marrow examination]] in [[COVID-19]] patients<ref name="pmid28189170" /> | ||
* [[Cytogenetics|Cytogenetic]] and [[Molecule|molecular]] tests : May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine cytogenetic and molecular in COVID 19 patients. | * [[Cytogenetics|Cytogenetic]] and [[Molecule|molecular]] tests : May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of [[anemia]]. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine [[Cytogenetics|cytogenetic]] and [[Molecule|molecular]] in [[COVID-19]] patients. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
| Line 152: | Line 152: | ||
===Surgery=== | ===Surgery=== | ||
Surgery is not a treatment option for patients with COVID-19 associated anemia. | Surgery is not a treatment option for patients with [[COVID-19]] associated [[anemia]]. | ||
===Primary Prevention=== | ===Primary Prevention=== | ||
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of COVID-19 associated anemia. | There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [[COVID-19]] associated [[anemia]]. | ||
===Secondary Prevention=== | ===Secondary Prevention=== | ||
Minimal amount of | Minimal amount of blood should be drawn for [[Blood test|blood tests]] and only clinically necessary tests should be ordered in order to prevent aggregation of [[COVID-19]] associated [[anemia]].<ref name="pmid32339260">{{cite journal| author=Baron DM, Franchini M, Goobie SM, Javidroozi M, Klein AA, Lasocki S | display-authors=etal| title=Patient blood management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. | journal=Anaesthesia | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=32339260 | doi=10.1111/anae.15095 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32339260 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:36, 1 July 2020
For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here
For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Hemoglobin changes in COVID 19, anemia in COVID 19, effects on erythropoiesis in COVID 19
Overview
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which caused a respiratory illness outbreak that was first detected in Wuhan, China. Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although anemia is not a common finding in patients with COVID-19 infection, decrease in hemoglobin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection has been reported. The pathophysiology of decrease in hemoglobin in patients with COVID-19 infection are hypothetically affected erythropoiesis due to inflammation during COVID-19 infection which leads to decrease in hemoglobin.
Historical Perspective
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which caused a respiratory illness outbreak that was first detected in Wuhan, China.[1][2]
- On January 30, 2020, the outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
- On March 12, 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Classification
- Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO).
- The following is the classification of anemia in general by red blood cell size with mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
- Macrocytic anemia (MCV>100)
- Normocytic anemia (80<MCV<100)
- High reticulocyte count
- Low reticulocyte count
- Microcytic anemia (MCV<80)
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of decrease in hemoglobin and rarity of anemia in patients with COVID-19 infection are as the followings:[3]
- Erythropoiesis may be affected by inflammation during COVID-19 infection which leads to decrease in hemoglobin.[3]
- Anemia is not a common finding probably due to the compensation of erythrocyte proliferation caused by pneumonia-induced hypoxia and the long life span of erythrocytes.[3]
Causes
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19-associated-anemia.
Differentiating COVID-19-associated Anemia from other Diseases
Differential diagnosis of anemia in general may include:[4]
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Thalassemia
- Sideroblastic anemia
- Anemia of inflammation
- Aplastic anemia
- Hypothyroidism
- Liver disease
- Renal disease
- Reticulocytosis
- Thyroid disease
- Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency
- Chemotherapy
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Acute onset hemolysis or blood loss
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Anemia is a very rare complication of COVID-19.[3]
- There is no new update about COVID-19 associated anemia.
Risk Factors
There is no associated risk factor For COVID-19 associated anemia.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for anemia in COVID-19 infection.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- Although anemia is not a common finding in patients with COVID-19 infection, but decrease in hemoglobin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection has been reported.[3][5]
- The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).[5]
- Decrease in hemoglobin is seen more in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 infection.[5]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
- The diagnostic study of choice for anemia is compelete blood count (CBC).
- Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO).
- The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).[5]
History and Symptoms
- Although anemia is not a common finding in patients with COVID-19 infection, but decrease in hemoglobin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection has been reported.[3][5]
- The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).[5]
- Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO).
- There is insufficient information about the symptoms of COVID-19-associated-anemia.
- Patients with anemia in general should be asked about:[6]
- Blood loss
- Duration of the anemia
- Any associated features
- Infection
- Cancer
- Comorbidities that cause anemia (such as renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease)
- Past medical history
- Patient’s ethnicity may influence the differential
- Family history
- Drug history (aspirin and NSAIDs)
Physical Examination
- Although anemia is not a common finding in patients with COVID-19 infection, but decrease in hemoglobin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection has been reported.[3][5]
- The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).[5]
- Anemia in general is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women by the World Health Organization (WHO).
- There is insufficient information about the signs found on physical examination of COVID-19-associated-anemia.
- The physical examination in patients with anemia in general may include checking for:[6]
- Pallor of the conjunctiva
- Lymphadenopathy
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Bone tenderness
- Petechiae
- Ecchymose
Laboratory Findings
- Compelete blood count (CBC):[4][5]
- The median hemoglobin is lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (12.8 g/dL) compared to patients with non-severe infection (13.5 g/dL).
- Peripheral blood smear: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of anemia. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine peripheral blood smear in COVID 19 patients.
- Reticulocyte count : May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of anemia.
- Red cell indices: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of anemia.
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with COVID-19-associated anemia.
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with COVID-19 associated anemia.
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with COVID-19-associated anemia.
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia.
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia.
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with COVID-19 associated-anemia.
Other Diagnostic Studies
- Bone marrow examination: May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of anemia. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine bone marrow examination in COVID-19 patients[4]
- Cytogenetic and molecular tests : May be helpful if there is a suspicion of other causes of anemia. However, there is insufficient evidence recommending routine cytogenetic and molecular in COVID-19 patients.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Treatment of anemia in general depends on the cause of anemia.[6] No specific treatment has been reported for COVID-19-associated-anemia.
Surgery
Surgery is not a treatment option for patients with COVID-19 associated anemia.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of COVID-19 associated anemia.
Secondary Prevention
Minimal amount of blood should be drawn for blood tests and only clinically necessary tests should be ordered in order to prevent aggregation of COVID-19 associated anemia.[7]
References
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/index.html. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Lu, Jian; Cui, Jie; Qian, Zhaohui; Wang, Yirong; Zhang, Hong; Duan, Yuange; Wu, Xinkai; Yao, Xinmin; Song, Yuhe; Li, Xiang; Wu, Changcheng; Tang, Xiaolu (2020). "On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2". National Science Review. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa036. ISSN 2095-5138.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Liu X, Zhang R, He G (2020). "Hematological findings in coronavirus disease 2019: indications of progression of disease". Ann Hematol. doi:10.1007/s00277-020-04103-5. PMC 7266734 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32495027 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cascio MJ, DeLoughery TG (2017). "Anemia: Evaluation and Diagnostic Tests". Med Clin North Am. 101 (2): 263–284. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.09.003. PMID 28189170.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX; et al. (2020). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". N Engl J Med. 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMC 7092819 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32109013 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Powell DJ, Achebe MO (2016). "Anemia for the Primary Care Physician". Prim Care. 43 (4): 527–542. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.006. PMID 27866575.
- ↑ Baron DM, Franchini M, Goobie SM, Javidroozi M, Klein AA, Lasocki S; et al. (2020). "Patient blood management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review". Anaesthesia. doi:10.1111/anae.15095. PMID 32339260 Check
|pmid=value (help).