Herpes simplex orofacial infection: Difference between revisions
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==Orofacial Infection== | ==Orofacial Infection== | ||
Infection by [[HSV-1]] is the most common cause of herpes that affects the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), although recent years | *[[Infection]] by [[HSV-1]] is the most common cause of [[Herpes simplex|herpes]] that affects the [[face]] and [[mouth]] ([[Herpes simplex orofacial infection|orofacial herpes]]), although within the recent years an increase in [[mouth|oral]] [[HSV-2]] [[infections]] has been reported.<ref name="pmid15596324">Bruce AJ, Rogers RS (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15596324 Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases.] ''Clin Dermatol'' 22 (6):520-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005 DOI:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15596324 15596324]</ref> | ||
*A majority of primary [[HSV-1]] [[infections]] occur during childhood and if the [[virus]] comes into contact with the [[mucosa]] or abraded [[skin]], it can cause acute [[herpetic]] [[gingivostomatitis]] ([[inflammation]] of the [[cheek]]'s [[mucosa]] and [[Gingiva|gums]]) within 5–10 days. Some other [[symptoms]] may also develop, including [[fever]] and [[sore throat]], and [[pain|painful]] [[ulcer]]s may appear.<ref name="pmid15596324"/> | |||
Once a primary oral [[HSV-1]] infection has resolved, the HSV enters the [[nerves]] surrounding the primary [[lesion]], migrates to the [[cell body]] of the [[neuron]], and becomes latent in the [[trigeminal ganglion]]. | *[[Herpes simplex|Primary HSV infection]] in adolescents frequently manifests as severe [[pharyngitis]] with [[lesions]] developing on the [[cheek]] and [[Gingiva|gums]]. Some individuals develop difficulty in [[swallowing]] ([[dysphagia]]) and swollen [[lymph node]]s ([[lymphadenopathy]]).<ref name="pmid15596324"/> Primary [[HSV]] infections in adults often presents as [[pharyngitis]] similar to that observed in glandular fever ([[infectious mononucleosis]]), but [[gingivostomatitis]] is less likely. The symptoms of primary [[HSV]] infection generally resolve within two weeks.<ref name="pmid15596324"/> | ||
*Once a primary [[mouth|oral]] [[HSV-1]] [[infection]] has resolved, the [[Herpes simplex|HSV]] enters the [[nerves]] surrounding the primary [[lesion]], migrates to the [[cell body]] of the [[neuron]], and becomes latent in the [[trigeminal ganglion]]. In some [[patients]], the [[virus]] reactivates to cause recurrent [[infection]]; which is more common with [[HSV-1]] than [[HSV-2]] [[mouth|oral]] [[infection]].<ref name="pmid15596324"/> <ref>[http://www.ashastd.org/pdfs/HELPER_SPRING_05.pdf Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29]</ref> | |||
Oral herpes is spread by direct contact with an active [[sore]] in an infected person, for instance, | *[[Prodromal]] [[symptom|symptoms]] often precede a recurrence, which typically begins with [[erythema|reddening]] of the [[skin]] around the [[infection|infected site]], with eventual [[ulceration]] to form fluid-filled [[blister]]s that affect the [[lip]] ([[lip|labial]]) [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] and the area between the [[lip]] and [[skin]] ([[vermillion border]]). The recurrent [[infection]] is thus often called ''[[Herpes labialis|herpes simplex labialis]]''. Rare occasions of [[infection|reinfections]] occur inside the [[mouth]] (''[[Herpes simplex|intraoral HSV stomatitis]]''), affecting the [[gums]], [[alveolar ridge]], [[hard palate]], and the back of the [[tongue]]. This may be accompanied ''by [[herpes labialis]]''.<ref name="pmid15596324"/> <ref>[http://www.ashastd.org/pdfs/HELPER_SPRING_05.pdf Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29]</ref> | ||
*[[mouth|Oral]] [[Herpes simplex|herpes]] is spread by direct contact with an active [[sore]] in an [[infection|infected]] person, for instance, by kissing. However, the [[virus]] can be transmitted through the [[skin]] in the absence of a [[lesion]]. | |||
*[[mouth|Oral]] [[Herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[Oral ulcer|cold sores]] can sometimes be confused with [[canker sores]]. | |||
==Differential diagnosis== | ==Differential diagnosis== | ||
[[Herpes simplex orofacial infection]] must be differentiated from other [[disease|diseases]] causing [[mouth|oral]] lesions such as [[leukoplakia]] and [[herpes simplex]] [[virus]] [[infection]]. | |||
Herpes simplex orofacial infection must be differentiated from other diseases causing oral lesions such as leukoplakia and herpes simplex virus infection. | |||
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Revision as of 06:16, 15 May 2021
Herpesviral vesicular dermatitis | |
Herpes lesion on upper lip and face |
Herpes simplex Microchapters |
Patient Information |
Classification |
Herpes simplex orofacial infection On the Web |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Herpes simplex orofacial infection |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Orofacial Infection
- Infection by HSV-1 is the most common cause of herpes that affects the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), although within the recent years an increase in oral HSV-2 infections has been reported.[1]
- A majority of primary HSV-1 infections occur during childhood and if the virus comes into contact with the mucosa or abraded skin, it can cause acute herpetic gingivostomatitis (inflammation of the cheek's mucosa and gums) within 5–10 days. Some other symptoms may also develop, including fever and sore throat, and painful ulcers may appear.[1]
- Primary HSV infection in adolescents frequently manifests as severe pharyngitis with lesions developing on the cheek and gums. Some individuals develop difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).[1] Primary HSV infections in adults often presents as pharyngitis similar to that observed in glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), but gingivostomatitis is less likely. The symptoms of primary HSV infection generally resolve within two weeks.[1]
- Once a primary oral HSV-1 infection has resolved, the HSV enters the nerves surrounding the primary lesion, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglion. In some patients, the virus reactivates to cause recurrent infection; which is more common with HSV-1 than HSV-2 oral infection.[1] [2]
- Prodromal symptoms often precede a recurrence, which typically begins with reddening of the skin around the infected site, with eventual ulceration to form fluid-filled blisters that affect the lip (labial) tissue and the area between the lip and skin (vermillion border). The recurrent infection is thus often called herpes simplex labialis. Rare occasions of reinfections occur inside the mouth (intraoral HSV stomatitis), affecting the gums, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and the back of the tongue. This may be accompanied by herpes labialis.[1] [3]
- Oral herpes is spread by direct contact with an active sore in an infected person, for instance, by kissing. However, the virus can be transmitted through the skin in the absence of a lesion.
- Oral herpes and cold sores can sometimes be confused with canker sores.
Differential diagnosis
Herpes simplex orofacial infection must be differentiated from other diseases causing oral lesions such as leukoplakia and herpes simplex virus infection.
Disease | Presentation | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Affected Organ Systems | Important features | Picture |
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Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity | ||||||
Oral Candidiasis |
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Localized candidiasis
Invasive candidasis |
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Herpes simplex oral lesions |
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Aphthous ulcers |
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Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Leukoplakia |
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Melanoma |
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Fordyce spots |
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Burning mouth syndrome |
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Torus palatinus |
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Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems | ||||||
Behcet's disease |
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Crohn's disease |
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Agranulocytosis |
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Syphilis[6] |
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Coxsackie virus |
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Chicken pox |
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Measles |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bruce AJ, Rogers RS (2004) Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol 22 (6):520-7. DOI:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005 PMID: 15596324
- ↑ Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29
- ↑ Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29
- ↑ Ann M. Gillenwater, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Hanadi Fatani, Pierre Saintigny & Adel K. El-Naggar (2013). "Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!". Advances in anatomic pathology. 20 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1. PMID 24113312. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. (2006). "Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder". Eur J Intern Med. 17 (8): 529–35. Text "pmid 17142169" ignored (help)
- ↑ title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"
- ↑ Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE (2000). "Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization". JAMA. 284 (24): 3145–50. PMID 11135778.
- ↑ Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E (1996). "Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies". Can J Public Health. 87 (6): 407–10. PMID 9009400.