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* Similar to all [[Viral disease|viral illnesses]], exposure is considered the most significant [[risk factor]] for [[infection]] with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
* Similar to all [[Viral disease|viral illnesses]], exposure is considered the most significant [[risk factor]] for [[infection]] with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
* Individuals at risk for the severe form of the [[disease]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="LiGuan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Qun|last2=Guan|first2=Xuhua|last3=Wu|first3=Peng|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaoye|last5=Zhou|first5=Lei|last6=Tong|first6=Yeqing|last7=Ren|first7=Ruiqi|last8=Leung|first8=Kathy S.M.|last9=Lau|first9=Eric H.Y.|last10=Wong|first10=Jessica Y.|last11=Xing|first11=Xuesen|last12=Xiang|first12=Nijuan|last13=Wu|first13=Yang|last14=Li|first14=Chao|last15=Chen|first15=Qi|last16=Li|first16=Dan|last17=Liu|first17=Tian|last18=Zhao|first18=Jing|last19=Liu|first19=Man|last20=Tu|first20=Wenxiao|last21=Chen|first21=Chuding|last22=Jin|first22=Lianmei|last23=Yang|first23=Rui|last24=Wang|first24=Qi|last25=Zhou|first25=Suhua|last26=Wang|first26=Rui|last27=Liu|first27=Hui|last28=Luo|first28=Yinbo|last29=Liu|first29=Yuan|last30=Shao|first30=Ge|last31=Li|first31=Huan|last32=Tao|first32=Zhongfa|last33=Yang|first33=Yang|last34=Deng|first34=Zhiqiang|last35=Liu|first35=Boxi|last36=Ma|first36=Zhitao|last37=Zhang|first37=Yanping|last38=Shi|first38=Guoqing|last39=Lam|first39=Tommy T.Y.|last40=Wu|first40=Joseph T.|last41=Gao|first41=George F.|last42=Cowling|first42=Benjamin J.|last43=Yang|first43=Bo|last44=Leung|first44=Gabriel M.|last45=Feng|first45=Zijian|title=Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|year=2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001316}}</ref><ref name="HeymannShindo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=David L|last2=Shindo|first2=Nahoko|title=COVID-19: what is next for public health?|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10224|year=2020|pages=542–545|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="HuSong2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Zhiliang|last2=Song|first2=Ci|last3=Xu|first3=Chuanjun|last4=Jin|first4=Guangfu|last5=Chen|first5=Yaling|last6=Xu|first6=Xin|last7=Ma|first7=Hongxia|last8=Chen|first8=Wei|last9=Lin|first9=Yuan|last10=Zheng|first10=Yishan|last11=Wang|first11=Jianming|last12=Hu|first12=Zhibin|last13=Yi|first13=Yongxiang|last14=Shen|first14=Hongbing|title=Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China|journal=Science China Life Sciences|year=2020|issn=1674-7305|doi=10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4}}</ref><ref name="PorchedduSerra2020">{{cite journal|last1=Porcheddu|first1=Rossella|last2=Serra|first2=Caterina|last3=Kelvin|first3=David|last4=Kelvin|first4=Nikki|last5=Rubino|first5=Salvatore|title=Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China|journal=The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries|volume=14|issue=02|year=2020|pages=125–128|issn=1972-2680|doi=10.3855/jidc.12600}}</ref><ref name="Wilder-SmithChiew2020">{{cite journal|last1=Wilder-Smith|first1=Annelies|last2=Chiew|first2=Calvin J|last3=Lee|first3=Vernon J|title=Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|year=2020|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8}}</ref>
* Individuals at risk for the severe form of the [[disease]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="LiGuan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Qun|last2=Guan|first2=Xuhua|last3=Wu|first3=Peng|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaoye|last5=Zhou|first5=Lei|last6=Tong|first6=Yeqing|last7=Ren|first7=Ruiqi|last8=Leung|first8=Kathy S.M.|last9=Lau|first9=Eric H.Y.|last10=Wong|first10=Jessica Y.|last11=Xing|first11=Xuesen|last12=Xiang|first12=Nijuan|last13=Wu|first13=Yang|last14=Li|first14=Chao|last15=Chen|first15=Qi|last16=Li|first16=Dan|last17=Liu|first17=Tian|last18=Zhao|first18=Jing|last19=Liu|first19=Man|last20=Tu|first20=Wenxiao|last21=Chen|first21=Chuding|last22=Jin|first22=Lianmei|last23=Yang|first23=Rui|last24=Wang|first24=Qi|last25=Zhou|first25=Suhua|last26=Wang|first26=Rui|last27=Liu|first27=Hui|last28=Luo|first28=Yinbo|last29=Liu|first29=Yuan|last30=Shao|first30=Ge|last31=Li|first31=Huan|last32=Tao|first32=Zhongfa|last33=Yang|first33=Yang|last34=Deng|first34=Zhiqiang|last35=Liu|first35=Boxi|last36=Ma|first36=Zhitao|last37=Zhang|first37=Yanping|last38=Shi|first38=Guoqing|last39=Lam|first39=Tommy T.Y.|last40=Wu|first40=Joseph T.|last41=Gao|first41=George F.|last42=Cowling|first42=Benjamin J.|last43=Yang|first43=Bo|last44=Leung|first44=Gabriel M.|last45=Feng|first45=Zijian|title=Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|year=2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001316}}</ref><ref name="HeymannShindo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=David L|last2=Shindo|first2=Nahoko|title=COVID-19: what is next for public health?|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10224|year=2020|pages=542–545|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="HuSong2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Zhiliang|last2=Song|first2=Ci|last3=Xu|first3=Chuanjun|last4=Jin|first4=Guangfu|last5=Chen|first5=Yaling|last6=Xu|first6=Xin|last7=Ma|first7=Hongxia|last8=Chen|first8=Wei|last9=Lin|first9=Yuan|last10=Zheng|first10=Yishan|last11=Wang|first11=Jianming|last12=Hu|first12=Zhibin|last13=Yi|first13=Yongxiang|last14=Shen|first14=Hongbing|title=Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China|journal=Science China Life Sciences|year=2020|issn=1674-7305|doi=10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4}}</ref><ref name="PorchedduSerra2020">{{cite journal|last1=Porcheddu|first1=Rossella|last2=Serra|first2=Caterina|last3=Kelvin|first3=David|last4=Kelvin|first4=Nikki|last5=Rubino|first5=Salvatore|title=Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China|journal=The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries|volume=14|issue=02|year=2020|pages=125–128|issn=1972-2680|doi=10.3855/jidc.12600}}</ref><ref name="Wilder-SmithChiew2020">{{cite journal|last1=Wilder-Smith|first1=Annelies|last2=Chiew|first2=Calvin J|last3=Lee|first3=Vernon J|title=Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|year=2020|issn=14733099|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8}}</ref>
**[[Old age|Elderly]] (those aged 60+)
**[[Cardiovascular disease]] [[Patient|patients]]
**[[Cardiovascular disease]] [[Patient|patients]]
**[[Diabetic|Diabetics]]
**[[Diabetic|Diabetics]]
Line 20: Line 19:
**[[Cancer patient|Cancer patients]]
**[[Cancer patient|Cancer patients]]
**Individuals in long term care facilities
**Individuals in long term care facilities
**Male sex
***According to a [[systematic review]] and [[Meta-analysis]] males had significantly higher [[mortality]] compared to females ([[OR]] 3.4; 95% [[CI]] 1.2–9.1, P=0.01)<ref name="NasiriHaddadi2020">{{cite journal|last1=Nasiri|first1=Mohammad Javad|last2=Haddadi|first2=Sara|last3=Tahvildari|first3=Azin|last4=Farsi|first4=Yeganeh|last5=Arbabi|first5=Mahta|last6=Hasanzadeh|first6=Saba|last7=Jamshidi|first7=Parnian|last8=Murthi|first8=Mukunthan|last9=Mirsaeidi|first9=Mehdi|title=COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics, and Sex-Specific Risk of Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=7|year=2020|issn=2296-858X|doi=10.3389/fmed.2020.00459}}</ref>
**[[Old age|Elderly]] (those aged 60+)
***Individuals ≥80 years showed to have more than 20-fold increased risk of death compared to the 50-59 year olds age group.<ref name="WilliamsonWalker2020">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Walker|first2=Alex J.|last3=Bhaskaran|first3=Krishnan|last4=Bacon|first4=Seb|last5=Bates|first5=Chris|last6=Morton|first6=Caroline E.|last7=Curtis|first7=Helen J.|last8=Mehrkar|first8=Amir|last9=Evans|first9=David|last10=Inglesby|first10=Peter|last11=Cockburn|first11=Jonathan|last12=McDonald|first12=Helen I.|last13=MacKenna|first13=Brian|last14=Tomlinson|first14=Laurie|last15=Douglas|first15=Ian J.|last16=Rentsch|first16=Christopher T.|last17=Mathur|first17=Rohini|last18=Wong|first18=Angel Y. S.|last19=Grieve|first19=Richard|last20=Harrison|first20=David|last21=Forbes|first21=Harriet|last22=Schultze|first22=Anna|last23=Croker|first23=Richard|last24=Parry|first24=John|last25=Hester|first25=Frank|last26=Harper|first26=Sam|last27=Perera|first27=Rafael|last28=Evans|first28=Stephen J. W.|last29=Smeeth|first29=Liam|last30=Goldacre|first30=Ben|title=OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients|journal=Nature|year=2020|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4}}</ref>
*[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] has proposed the following list of conditions that may increase the risk of a severe [[disease]] regardless of the individual's age:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] has proposed the following list of conditions that may increase the risk of a severe [[disease]] regardless of the individual's age:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
**[[Blood disorder|Blood disorders]]
**[[Blood disorder|Blood disorders]]

Revision as of 00:02, 2 August 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2] Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[3]

Overview

Similar to all viral illnesses, exposure is considered the most significant risk factor for infection with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Individuals at risk for the severe form of the disease include elderly (those aged 60+), cardiovascular disease patients, diabetics, chronic respiratory disease patients, hypertensive patients, cancer patients, and individuals in long term care facilities.

Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen; Xiang, Nijuan; Wu, Yang; Li, Chao; Chen, Qi; Li, Dan; Liu, Tian; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Man; Tu, Wenxiao; Chen, Chuding; Jin, Lianmei; Yang, Rui; Wang, Qi; Zhou, Suhua; Wang, Rui; Liu, Hui; Luo, Yinbo; Liu, Yuan; Shao, Ge; Li, Huan; Tao, Zhongfa; Yang, Yang; Deng, Zhiqiang; Liu, Boxi; Ma, Zhitao; Zhang, Yanping; Shi, Guoqing; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; Wu, Joseph T.; Gao, George F.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Yang, Bo; Leung, Gabriel M.; Feng, Zijian (2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
  3. ↑ Heymann, David L; Shindo, Nahoko (2020). "COVID-19: what is next for public health?". The Lancet. 395 (10224): 542–545. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
  4. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Hu, Zhiliang; Song, Ci; Xu, Chuanjun; Jin, Guangfu; Chen, Yaling; Xu, Xin; Ma, Hongxia; Chen, Wei; Lin, Yuan; Zheng, Yishan; Wang, Jianming; Hu, Zhibin; Yi, Yongxiang; Shen, Hongbing (2020). "Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China". Science China Life Sciences. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4. ISSN 1674-7305.
  6. ↑ Porcheddu, Rossella; Serra, Caterina; Kelvin, David; Kelvin, Nikki; Rubino, Salvatore (2020). "Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 14 (02): 125–128. doi:10.3855/jidc.12600. ISSN 1972-2680.
  7. ↑ Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Chiew, Calvin J; Lee, Vernon J (2020). "Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8. ISSN 1473-3099.
  8. ↑ Nasiri, Mohammad Javad; Haddadi, Sara; Tahvildari, Azin; Farsi, Yeganeh; Arbabi, Mahta; Hasanzadeh, Saba; Jamshidi, Parnian; Murthi, Mukunthan; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi (2020). "COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics, and Sex-Specific Risk of Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Medicine. 7. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00459. ISSN 2296-858X.
  9. ↑ Williamson, Elizabeth J.; Walker, Alex J.; Bhaskaran, Krishnan; Bacon, Seb; Bates, Chris; Morton, Caroline E.; Curtis, Helen J.; Mehrkar, Amir; Evans, David; Inglesby, Peter; Cockburn, Jonathan; McDonald, Helen I.; MacKenna, Brian; Tomlinson, Laurie; Douglas, Ian J.; Rentsch, Christopher T.; Mathur, Rohini; Wong, Angel Y. S.; Grieve, Richard; Harrison, David; Forbes, Harriet; Schultze, Anna; Croker, Richard; Parry, John; Hester, Frank; Harper, Sam; Perera, Rafael; Evans, Stephen J. W.; Smeeth, Liam; Goldacre, Ben (2020). "OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4. ISSN 0028-0836.
  10. ↑ (PDF) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ "Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study - Merzon - - The FEBS Journal - Wiley Online Library".
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