Sandbox:Mydah: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 49: Line 49:
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= The prolactinoma are treated in the following patients<ref name="pmid16886971">{{cite journal| author=Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD | display-authors=etal| title=Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. | journal=Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | year= 2006 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 265-73 | pmid=16886971 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16886971  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21296991">{{cite journal| author=Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2011 | volume= 96 | issue= 2 | pages= 273-88 | pmid=21296991 | doi=10.1210/jc.2010-1692 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21296991  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32130815">{{cite journal| author=Melmed S| title=Pituitary-Tumor Endocrinopathies. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2020 | volume= 382 | issue= 10 | pages= 937-950 | pmid=32130815 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810772 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32130815  }} </ref>:
{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= The prolactinoma are treated in the following patients<ref name="pmid16886971">{{cite journal| author=Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD | display-authors=etal| title=Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. | journal=Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | year= 2006 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 265-73 | pmid=16886971 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16886971  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21296991">{{cite journal| author=Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2011 | volume= 96 | issue= 2 | pages= 273-88 | pmid=21296991 | doi=10.1210/jc.2010-1692 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21296991  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32130815">{{cite journal| author=Melmed S| title=Pituitary-Tumor Endocrinopathies. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2020 | volume= 382 | issue= 10 | pages= 937-950 | pmid=32130815 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810772 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32130815  }} </ref>:
A macroadenoma causing neurological symptoms such as headache and visual impairment due to compression of the optic chiasm.
* A macroadenoma causing neurological symptoms such as headache and visual impairment due to compression of the optic chiasm.
Hypogonadism and galactorrhea due to increased prolactin secretion.
* Hypogonadism and galactorrhea due to increased prolactin secretion.
Infertility in women with disrupted luteal phase.
* Infertility in women with disrupted luteal phase.
}}
}}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= Box 2 in Row 2}}
{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= The drug of choice for prolactinoma are dopamine agonists as they decrease prolactin secretion and reduce the size of the prolactinoma.<ref name="pmid6229205">{{cite journal| author=Vance ML, Evans WS, Thorner MO| title=Drugs five years later. Bromocriptine. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1984 | volume= 100 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-91 | pmid=6229205 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-78 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6229205  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22828169">{{cite journal| author=Wang AT, Mullan RJ, Lane MA, Hazem A, Prasad C, Gathaiya NW | display-authors=etal| title=Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Syst Rev | year= 2012 | volume= 1 | issue=  | pages= 33 | pmid=22828169 | doi=10.1186/2046-4053-1-33 | pmc=3483691 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22828169  }} </ref> Cabergoline is the preferred drug because of its efficacy and lower incidence of nausea and side effects compared to bromocriptine.<ref name="pmid7915824">{{cite journal| author=Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, Ferrari CI, Ismail I, Scanlon MF| title=A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 14 | pages= 904-9 | pmid=7915824 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199410063311403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7915824  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8964874">{{cite journal| author=Biller BM, Molitch ME, Vance ML, Cannistraro KB, Davis KR, Simons JA | display-authors=etal| title=Treatment of prolactin-secreting macroadenomas with the once-weekly dopamine agonist cabergoline. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1996 | volume= 81 | issue= 6 | pages= 2338-43 | pmid=8964874 | doi=10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8964874  }} </ref> }}
{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

Revision as of 08:31, 8 August 2020

Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mydah Sajid, MD[1]

Hyperprolactinemia resident survival guide

Overview

This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the hyperprolactinemia.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

  • Severe burns on the chest can cause hyperprolactinemia due to neural stimulation similar to suckling. [1]

Common Causes

  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Prolactinoma
  • Injury to dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (sarcoidosis, craniopharyngioma, and metastatic brain carcinoma)
  • Section of the hypothalamic-pituitary stalk
  • Antipsychotics (risperidone, haloperidol, and phenothiazine)
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • Metoclopramide
  • Domperidone
  • Methyldopa
  • Verapamil
  • Familial hyperprolactinemia
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Chronic renal failure
  • macroprolactinomas
  • Exercise

Evaluation

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia according to an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice guidelines[2]:

 
 
 
Suggestive symptoms including headache, oligomenorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, and galactorrhea
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Detailed history and physical examination should be performed to rule out hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, and the use of medications known to cause hyperprolactinemia.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Serum prolactin measured. The cut-off values of serum prolactin for hyperprolactinemia are greater than 20 ng/ml in men and postmenopausal women and greater than 30ng/ml in premenopausal women.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MRI with the contrast of brain should be performed to rule out any mass in the hypothalamic-pituitary region.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The levels of other pituitary hormones should be evaluated. The following hormone levels should be evaluated: Plasma corticotropins (ACTH), Serum TSH, Insulin-like growth factors, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Estradiol/ Testosterone
 
 
 

Management

 
 
 
The prolactinoma are treated in the following patients[3][2][4]:
  • A macroadenoma causing neurological symptoms such as headache and visual impairment due to compression of the optic chiasm.
  • Hypogonadism and galactorrhea due to increased prolactin secretion.
  • Infertility in women with disrupted luteal phase.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The drug of choice for prolactinoma are dopamine agonists as they decrease prolactin secretion and reduce the size of the prolactinoma.[5][6] Cabergoline is the preferred drug because of its efficacy and lower incidence of nausea and side effects compared to bromocriptine.[7][8]
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Morley JE, Dawson M, Hodgkinson H, Kalk WJ (1977). "Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia associated with chest wall injury". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 45 (5): 931–5. doi:10.1210/jcem-45-5-931. PMID 562902.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA; et al. (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96 (2): 273–88. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1692. PMID 21296991.
  3. ↑ Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD; et al. (2006). "Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 65 (2): 265–73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x. PMID 16886971.
  4. ↑ Melmed S (2020). "Pituitary-Tumor Endocrinopathies". N Engl J Med. 382 (10): 937–950. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1810772. PMID 32130815 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Vance ML, Evans WS, Thorner MO (1984). "Drugs five years later. Bromocriptine". Ann Intern Med. 100 (1): 78–91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-78. PMID 6229205.
  6. ↑ Wang AT, Mullan RJ, Lane MA, Hazem A, Prasad C, Gathaiya NW; et al. (2012). "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Syst Rev. 1: 33. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-33. PMC 3483691. PMID 22828169.
  7. ↑ Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, Ferrari CI, Ismail I, Scanlon MF (1994). "A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group". N Engl J Med. 331 (14): 904–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199410063311403. PMID 7915824.
  8. ↑ Biller BM, Molitch ME, Vance ML, Cannistraro KB, Davis KR, Simons JA; et al. (1996). "Treatment of prolactin-secreting macroadenomas with the once-weekly dopamine agonist cabergoline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81 (6): 2338–43. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964874. PMID 8964874.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Mydah&oldid=1648874"