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* smoking | * smoking | ||
* inhalation of dry air (particularly in winters) | * inhalation of dry air (particularly in winters) | ||
* Vocal strain | * Vocal strain<ref name="pmid22890476">{{cite journal| author=Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A| title=Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). | journal=Inflamm Res | year= 2012 | volume= 61 | issue= 10 | pages= 1041-52 | pmid=22890476 | doi=10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9 | pmc=3439613 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22890476 }} </ref> | ||
* Medications: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drugs. | * Medications: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drugs<ref name="pmid22890476">{{cite journal| author=Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A| title=Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). | journal=Inflamm Res | year= 2012 | volume= 61 | issue= 10 | pages= 1041-52 | pmid=22890476 | doi=10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9 | pmc=3439613 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22890476 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 19:06, 14 August 2020
Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mydah Sajid, MD[1]
Sore throat in adults resident survival guide
Overview
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
- Viral upper respiratory tract infection (Adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). [1][2][3]
- Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection
- Group C and G Streptococcus infection[4]
- Arcanobacterium haemolyticum[4]
- Fusobacterium necrophorum[5]
- Mycoplasma and Chlamydia species[1]
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Acute HIV infection[6]
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Epstein-Barr virus and other herpes viruses cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV)[7]
- allergic rhinitis, sinusitis
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- smoking
- inhalation of dry air (particularly in winters)
- Vocal strain[8]
- Medications: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drugs[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T, Meurman O, Hakkarainen K, Miettinen A; et al. (1989). "Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms". Ann Intern Med. 110 (8): 612–6. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-8-612. PMID 2494921.
- ↑ Bisno AL (2001). "Acute pharyngitis". N Engl J Med. 344 (3): 205–11. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308. PMID 11172144.
- ↑ Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs JR; et al. (2020). "Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility". N Engl J Med. 382 (22): 2081–2090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457. PMC 7200056 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32329971 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G; et al. (2012). "Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 55 (10): 1279–82. doi:10.1093/cid/cis847. PMID 23091044.
- ↑ Centor RM, Atkinson TP, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Crabb DM, Estrada CA; et al. (2015). "The clinical presentation of Fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: a cross-sectional study". Ann Intern Med. 162 (4): 241–7. doi:10.7326/M14-1305. PMID 25686164.
- ↑ Tindall B, Barker S, Donovan B, Barnes T, Roberts J, Kronenberg C; et al. (1988). "Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection". Arch Intern Med. 148 (4): 945–9. PMID 3258508.
- ↑ McMillan JA, Weiner LB, Higgins AM, Lamparella VJ (1993). "Pharyngitis associated with herpes simplex virus in college students". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 12 (4): 280–4. doi:10.1097/00006454-199304000-00004. PMID 8387178.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A (2012). "Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat)". Inflamm Res. 61 (10): 1041–52. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9. PMC 3439613. PMID 22890476.