Conjunctivitis resident survival guide: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
|[[Angle closure glaucoma]]<ref name="pmid24825645">{{cite journal| author=Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA| title=The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 18 | pages= 1901-11 | pmid=24825645 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.3192 | pmc=4523637 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24825645 }} </ref> | |[[Angle closure glaucoma]]<ref name="pmid24825645">{{cite journal| author=Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA| title=The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 18 | pages= 1901-11 | pmid=24825645 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.3192 | pmc=4523637 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24825645 }} </ref> | ||
|Headache, [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], ocular pain, decreased vision, light sensitivity | |Headache, [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], ocular pain, decreased vision, light sensitivity | ||
|Firm eye on palpation, [[ocular]] redness, steamy cornea | |Firm eye on palpation, [[ocular]] redness, steamy [[cornea]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Endophthalmitis]]<ref name="pmid11781270">{{cite journal| author=Callegan MC, Engelbert M, Parke DW, Jett BD, Gilmore MS| title=Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2002 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 111-24 | pmid=11781270 | doi=10.1128/cmr.15.1.111-124.2002 | pmc=118063 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11781270 }} </ref> | |[[Endophthalmitis]]<ref name="pmid11781270">{{cite journal| author=Callegan MC, Engelbert M, Parke DW, Jett BD, Gilmore MS| title=Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2002 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 111-24 | pmid=11781270 | doi=10.1128/cmr.15.1.111-124.2002 | pmc=118063 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11781270 }} </ref> | ||
|Severe pain, [[photophobia]] | |Severe pain, [[photophobia]] | ||
|[[Red eye]], pus in the anterior chamber, history of eye surgery or ocular trauma | |[[Red eye]], pus in the [[anterior chamber]], history of eye surgery or [[ocular trauma]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Scleritis]]<ref name="pmid26682176">{{cite journal| author=Al Barqi M, Behrens A, Alfawaz AM| title=Clinical features and visual outcomes of scleritis patients presented to tertiary care eye centers in Saudi Arabia. | journal=Int J Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 1215-9 | pmid=26682176 | doi=10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.25 | pmc=4651892 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26682176 }} </ref> | |[[Scleritis]]<ref name="pmid26682176">{{cite journal| author=Al Barqi M, Behrens A, Alfawaz AM| title=Clinical features and visual outcomes of scleritis patients presented to tertiary care eye centers in Saudi Arabia. | journal=Int J Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 1215-9 | pmid=26682176 | doi=10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.25 | pmc=4651892 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26682176 }} </ref> | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
|[[Subconjunctival hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid23843690">{{cite journal| author=Tarlan B, Kiratli H| title=Subconjunctival hemorrhage: risk factors and potential indicators. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= | pages= 1163-70 | pmid=23843690 | doi=10.2147/OPTH.S35062 | pmc=3702240 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23843690 }} </ref> | |[[Subconjunctival hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid23843690">{{cite journal| author=Tarlan B, Kiratli H| title=Subconjunctival hemorrhage: risk factors and potential indicators. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= | pages= 1163-70 | pmid=23843690 | doi=10.2147/OPTH.S35062 | pmc=3702240 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23843690 }} </ref> | ||
|foreign-body sensation and tearing or be asymptomatic | |foreign-body sensation and tearing or be asymptomatic | ||
|Blood under the conjunctival membrane | |Blood under the [[conjunctival]] membrane | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 10:27, 10 September 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Conjunctivitis is the most common eye infection causing dilation of conjunctival blood vessels and results in inflammation. The most common cause of conjunctivitis is infection of which viral infections are the commonest cause, followed by bacterial. The non-infection forms are allergic, mechanical, toxic and neoplastic. Among noninfectious conjunctivitis, the allergic form is more common. Infectious conjunctivitis can be presented with red eye, foreign body sensation, itching, light sensitivity, burning, and watery discharge in viral conjunctivitis and mucopurulent discharge in bacterial form. Regarding the onset and severity of clinical symptoms, conjunctivitis is classified as acute, chronic, and recurrent. Most cases of infectious conjunctivitis are considered as acute conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis can be chronic while it can be present with acute exacerbations related to seasonal factors or contact lens use. It is important to differentiate conjunctivitis from other sight-threatening eye diseases that have similar clinical presentation.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Most cases of conjunctivitis are relatively mild and will not cause eye damage of any sort. However, if it left untreated it can lead to sight-treathening complications including:[1]
Viral conjunctivitis
- Adenoviruses are the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis[2]
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
- Picornaviruses
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Diagnosis
Some initial diagnosis should be excluded for which physicians should manage patients by a systematic approach.[4]
Suspected acute conjunctivitis (<4 weeks duration) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ophthalmology referral | Any discharge | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ophthalmology referral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Itiching | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ophthalmology referral | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Differential diagnosis
| Differentail diagnosis | Manifestation | Examination findings |
|---|---|---|
| Blepharitis[5] | Burning and foreign-body sensation, symptoms worse with prolonged reading or watching | Bilateral redness |
| Uveitis[6] | Photophobia, pain, blurred vision | Decreased vision, poorly reacting pupils, constant eye pain radiating to temple and brow, red eye |
| Angle closure glaucoma[7] | Headache, nausea, vomiting, ocular pain, decreased vision, light sensitivity | Firm eye on palpation, ocular redness, steamy cornea |
| Endophthalmitis[8] | Severe pain, photophobia | Red eye, pus in the anterior chamber, history of eye surgery or ocular trauma |
| Scleritis[9] | Decreased vision, moderate to severe pain | Redness, bluish sclera |
| Subconjunctival hemorrhage[10] | foreign-body sensation and tearing or be asymptomatic | Blood under the conjunctival membrane |
Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.
Do's
- The content in this section is in bullet points.
Don'ts
- The content in this section is in bullet points.
References
- ↑ Epling J (2012). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2012. PMC 3635545. PMID 22348418.
- ↑ Yeu E, Hauswirth S (2020). "A Review of the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis: Implications for Treatment and Management". Clin Ophthalmol. 14: 805–813. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S236571. PMC 7075432 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32210533 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Azari AA, Arabi A (2020). "Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review". J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 15 (3): 372–395. doi:10.18502/jovr.v15i3.7456. PMC 7431717 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32864068 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Varu, Divya M.; Rhee, Michelle K.; Akpek, Esen K.; Amescua, Guillermo; Farid, Marjan; Garcia-Ferrer, Francisco J.; Lin, Amy; Musch, David C.; Mah, Francis S.; Dunn, Steven P. (2019). "Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern®". Ophthalmology. 126 (1): P94–P169. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.020. ISSN 0161-6420.
- ↑ Amescua, Guillermo; Akpek, Esen K.; Farid, Marjan; Garcia-Ferrer, Francisco J.; Lin, Amy; Rhee, Michelle K.; Varu, Divya M.; Musch, David C.; Dunn, Steven P.; Mah, Francis S. (2019). "Blepharitis Preferred Practice Pattern®". Ophthalmology. 126 (1): P56–P93. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.019. ISSN 0161-6420.
- ↑ Harthan JS, Opitz DL, Fromstein SR, Morettin CE (2016). "Diagnosis and treatment of anterior uveitis: optometric management". Clin Optom (Auckl). 8: 23–35. doi:10.2147/OPTO.S72079. PMC 6095364. PMID 30214346.
- ↑ Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA (2014). "The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review". JAMA. 311 (18): 1901–11. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3192. PMC 4523637. PMID 24825645.
- ↑ Callegan MC, Engelbert M, Parke DW, Jett BD, Gilmore MS (2002). "Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions". Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 (1): 111–24. doi:10.1128/cmr.15.1.111-124.2002. PMC 118063. PMID 11781270.
- ↑ Al Barqi M, Behrens A, Alfawaz AM (2015). "Clinical features and visual outcomes of scleritis patients presented to tertiary care eye centers in Saudi Arabia". Int J Ophthalmol. 8 (6): 1215–9. doi:10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.25. PMC 4651892. PMID 26682176.
- ↑ Tarlan B, Kiratli H (2013). "Subconjunctival hemorrhage: risk factors and potential indicators". Clin Ophthalmol. 7: 1163–70. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S35062. PMC 3702240. PMID 23843690.