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==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
Seizures can cause involuntary changes in body movement or function, sensation, awareness, or behavior. A seizure can last from a few seconds to [[status epilepticus]], a continuous seizure that will not stop without intervention. Seizure is often associated with a sudden and involuntary contraction of a group of muscles. However, a seizure can also be as subtle as marching numbness of a part of the body, a brief loss of [[memory]], sparkling or flashes, sensing an unpleasant odor, a strange [[epigastric]] sensation or a sensation of fear. Therefore seizures are typically classified as [[motoneuron|motor]], [[sensory neuron|sensory]], [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]], [[emotion|emotional]] or [[cognitive]]. | <s>Seizures can cause involuntary changes in body movement or function, sensation, awareness, or behavior. A seizure can last from a few seconds to [[status epilepticus]], a continuous seizure that will not stop without intervention. Seizure is often associated with a sudden and involuntary contraction of a group of muscles. However, a seizure can also be as subtle as marching numbness of a part of the body, a brief loss of [[memory]], sparkling or flashes, sensing an unpleasant odor, a strange [[epigastric]] sensation or a sensation of fear. Therefore seizures are typically classified as [[motoneuron|motor]], [[sensory neuron|sensory]], [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]], [[emotion|emotional]] or [[cognitive]].</s> | ||
In some cases, the full onset of a seizure event is preceded by some of the sensations described above. These sensations can serve as a warning to the sufferer that a full [[tonic-clonic seizure]] is about to occur. These "warning sensations" are cumulatively called an aura.<ref name="urlAuras | epilepsy.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.epilepsy.com/epilepsy/auras.html |title=Auras | epilepsy.com |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-04}}</ref> | <s>In some cases, the full onset of a seizure event is preceded by some of the sensations described above. These sensations can serve as a warning to the sufferer that a full [[tonic-clonic seizure]] is about to occur. These "warning sensations" are cumulatively called an aura.<ref name="urlAuras | epilepsy.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.epilepsy.com/epilepsy/auras.html |title=Auras | epilepsy.com |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-04}}</ref></s> | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
* The recurrence rate of seizure within 2 years is 35% to 40% in patients with a first-time unprovoked seizure.<ref name="pmid8827178">{{cite journal| author=Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, Shinnar S| title=The epidemiology of epilepsy. Past, present, and future. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 383-98 | pmid=8827178 | doi=10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70263-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8827178 }} </ref> | |||
* In a cohort study that followed patients for 10 years after an acute symptomatic seizure in an [[ED]] visit (excluding children with febrile seizure), the risk of recurrence was 13% in those patients who had an unprovoked seizure and 41% in those who had acute symptomatic [[status epilepticus]].<ref name="pmid9851435">{{cite journal| author=Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA| title=Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1998 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 908-12 | pmid=9851435 | doi=10.1002/ana.410440609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9851435 }} </ref> | *The recurrence rate of seizure within 2 years is 35% to 40% in patients with a first-time unprovoked seizure.<ref name="pmid8827178">{{cite journal| author=Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, Shinnar S| title=The epidemiology of epilepsy. Past, present, and future. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 383-98 | pmid=8827178 | doi=10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70263-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8827178 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Status epilepticus]] occurs in about 6%-7% of the patients with seizure in the [[emergency department|emergency department (ED)]].<ref name="pmid11388937">{{cite journal| author=Huff JS, Morris DL, Kothari RU, Gibbs MA, Emergency Medicine Seizure Study Group| title=Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study. | journal=Acad Emerg Med | year= 2001 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 622-8 | pmid=11388937 | doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11388937 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2924743">{{cite journal| author=Krumholz A, Grufferman S, Orr ST, Stern BJ| title=Seizures and seizure care in an emergency department. | journal=Epilepsia | year= 1989 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=2924743 | doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05451.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2924743 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1883923">{{cite journal| author=Brinar V, Bozicević D, Zurak N, Gubarev N, Djaković V| title=Epileptic seizures as a symptom of various neurological diseases. | journal=Neurol Croat | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 93-101 | pmid=1883923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1883923 }} </ref> | *In a cohort study that followed patients for 10 years after an acute symptomatic seizure in an [[ED]] visit (excluding children with febrile seizure), the risk of recurrence was 13% in those patients who had an unprovoked seizure and 41% in those who had acute symptomatic [[status epilepticus]].<ref name="pmid9851435">{{cite journal| author=Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA| title=Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 1998 | volume= 44 | issue= 6 | pages= 908-12 | pmid=9851435 | doi=10.1002/ana.410440609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9851435 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Status epilepticus]] occurs in about 6%-7% of the patients with seizure in the [[emergency department|emergency department (ED)]].<ref name="pmid11388937">{{cite journal| author=Huff JS, Morris DL, Kothari RU, Gibbs MA, Emergency Medicine Seizure Study Group| title=Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study. | journal=Acad Emerg Med | year= 2001 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 622-8 | pmid=11388937 | doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11388937 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2924743">{{cite journal| author=Krumholz A, Grufferman S, Orr ST, Stern BJ| title=Seizures and seizure care in an emergency department. | journal=Epilepsia | year= 1989 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=2924743 | doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05451.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2924743 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1883923">{{cite journal| author=Brinar V, Bozicević D, Zurak N, Gubarev N, Djaković V| title=Epileptic seizures as a symptom of various neurological diseases. | journal=Neurol Croat | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 93-101 | pmid=1883923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1883923 }} </ref> | |||
===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
*Common complications of seizure include: | *Common complications of seizure include: | ||
**[Complication 1] | **[Complication 1] | ||
| Line 25: | Line 27: | ||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
* Simple [[febrile seizure|febrile seizures]] are considered normal in childhood and the prognosis is generally excellent. | |||
** The recurrence rate is about 12% in children that have their first [[febrile seizure]] in infancy and about 50% in those who have their first [[febrile seizure]] later.<ref name="pmid1603702">{{cite journal| author=Kenney RD, Taylor JA| title=Absence of serum chemistry abnormalities in pediatric patients presenting with seizures. | journal=Pediatr Emerg Care | year= 1992 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-6 | pmid=1603702 | doi=10.1097/00006565-199204000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1603702 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10969121">{{cite journal| author=Walton DM, Thomas DC, Aly HZ, Short BL| title=Morbid hypocalcemia associated with phosphate enema in a six-week-old infant. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2000 | volume= 106 | issue= 3 | pages= E37 | pmid=10969121 | doi=10.1542/peds.106.3.e37 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10969121 }} </ref> | *Simple [[febrile seizure|febrile seizures]] are considered normal in childhood and the prognosis is generally excellent. | ||
** The risk of [[epilepsy]] is the same as children without any history of [[febrile seizure]]. | **The recurrence rate is about 12% in children that have their first [[febrile seizure]] in infancy and about 50% in those who have their first [[febrile seizure]] later.<ref name="pmid1603702">{{cite journal| author=Kenney RD, Taylor JA| title=Absence of serum chemistry abnormalities in pediatric patients presenting with seizures. | journal=Pediatr Emerg Care | year= 1992 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-6 | pmid=1603702 | doi=10.1097/00006565-199204000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1603702 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10969121">{{cite journal| author=Walton DM, Thomas DC, Aly HZ, Short BL| title=Morbid hypocalcemia associated with phosphate enema in a six-week-old infant. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2000 | volume= 106 | issue= 3 | pages= E37 | pmid=10969121 | doi=10.1542/peds.106.3.e37 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10969121 }} </ref> | ||
* Complex [[febrile seizure|febrile seizures]] increase the risk for [[epilepsy]], and but do not increase the risk for a future simple [[febrile seizure]].<ref name="pmid1584717">{{cite journal| author=Berg AT| title=Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology. | journal=Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 145-52 | pmid=1584717 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00756.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1584717 }} </ref> | **The risk of [[epilepsy]] is the same as children without any history of [[febrile seizure]]. | ||
* The overall mortality rate of [[status epilepticus]] is approximately 22% (3% in [[pediatric]] patients to 26% in adults).<ref name="pmid8780085">{{cite journal| author=DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Pellock JM, Penberthy L | display-authors=etal| title=A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. | journal=Neurology | year= 1996 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 1029-35 | pmid=8780085 | doi=10.1212/wnl.46.4.1029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8780085 }} </ref> | *Complex [[febrile seizure|febrile seizures]] increase the risk for [[epilepsy]], and but do not increase the risk for a future simple [[febrile seizure]].<ref name="pmid1584717">{{cite journal| author=Berg AT| title=Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology. | journal=Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 145-52 | pmid=1584717 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00756.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1584717 }} </ref> | ||
*The overall mortality rate of [[status epilepticus]] is approximately 22% (3% in [[pediatric]] patients to 26% in adults).<ref name="pmid8780085">{{cite journal| author=DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Pellock JM, Penberthy L | display-authors=etal| title=A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. | journal=Neurology | year= 1996 | volume= 46 | issue= 4 | pages= 1029-35 | pmid=8780085 | doi=10.1212/wnl.46.4.1029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8780085 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 11:23, 29 October 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Natural History
Seizures can cause involuntary changes in body movement or function, sensation, awareness, or behavior. A seizure can last from a few seconds to status epilepticus, a continuous seizure that will not stop without intervention. Seizure is often associated with a sudden and involuntary contraction of a group of muscles. However, a seizure can also be as subtle as marching numbness of a part of the body, a brief loss of memory, sparkling or flashes, sensing an unpleasant odor, a strange epigastric sensation or a sensation of fear. Therefore seizures are typically classified as motor, sensory, autonomic, emotional or cognitive.
In some cases, the full onset of a seizure event is preceded by some of the sensations described above. These sensations can serve as a warning to the sufferer that a full tonic-clonic seizure is about to occur. These "warning sensations" are cumulatively called an aura.[1]
Overview
The recurrence rate of seizure within 2 years is 35% to 40% in patients with a first-time unprovoked seizure. Status epilepticus occurs in about 6%-7% of the patients with seizure in the emergency department (ED). The overall mortality rate of status epilepticus is approximately 22% (3% in pediatric patients to 26% in adults). Simple febrile seizures are considered normal in childhood and the prognosis is generally excellent. The recurrence rate is about 12% in children that have their first febrile seizure in infancy and about 50% in those who have their first febrile seizure later.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The recurrence rate of seizure within 2 years is 35% to 40% in patients with a first-time unprovoked seizure.[2]
- In a cohort study that followed patients for 10 years after an acute symptomatic seizure in an ED visit (excluding children with febrile seizure), the risk of recurrence was 13% in those patients who had an unprovoked seizure and 41% in those who had acute symptomatic status epilepticus.[3]
- Status epilepticus occurs in about 6%-7% of the patients with seizure in the emergency department (ED).[4][5][6]
Complications
- Common complications of seizure include:
- [Complication 1]
- [Complication 2]
- [Complication 3]
Prognosis
- Simple febrile seizures are considered normal in childhood and the prognosis is generally excellent.
- The recurrence rate is about 12% in children that have their first febrile seizure in infancy and about 50% in those who have their first febrile seizure later.[7][8]
- The risk of epilepsy is the same as children without any history of febrile seizure.
- Complex febrile seizures increase the risk for epilepsy, and but do not increase the risk for a future simple febrile seizure.[9]
- The overall mortality rate of status epilepticus is approximately 22% (3% in pediatric patients to 26% in adults).[10]
References
- ↑ "Auras | epilepsy.com". Retrieved 2013-03-04.
- ↑ Berg AT, Testa FM, Levy SR, Shinnar S (1996). "The epidemiology of epilepsy. Past, present, and future". Neurol Clin. 14 (2): 383–98. doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70263-2. PMID 8827178.
- ↑ Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino G, Annegers JF, Hauser WA (1998). "Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus". Ann Neurol. 44 (6): 908–12. doi:10.1002/ana.410440609. PMID 9851435.
- ↑ Huff JS, Morris DL, Kothari RU, Gibbs MA, Emergency Medicine Seizure Study Group (2001). "Emergency department management of patients with seizures: a multicenter study". Acad Emerg Med. 8 (6): 622–8. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00175.x. PMID 11388937.
- ↑ Krumholz A, Grufferman S, Orr ST, Stern BJ (1989). "Seizures and seizure care in an emergency department". Epilepsia. 30 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05451.x. PMID 2924743.
- ↑ Brinar V, Bozicević D, Zurak N, Gubarev N, Djaković V (1991). "Epileptic seizures as a symptom of various neurological diseases". Neurol Croat. 40 (2): 93–101. PMID 1883923.
- ↑ Kenney RD, Taylor JA (1992). "Absence of serum chemistry abnormalities in pediatric patients presenting with seizures". Pediatr Emerg Care. 8 (2): 65–6. doi:10.1097/00006565-199204000-00001. PMID 1603702.
- ↑ Walton DM, Thomas DC, Aly HZ, Short BL (2000). "Morbid hypocalcemia associated with phosphate enema in a six-week-old infant". Pediatrics. 106 (3): E37. doi:10.1542/peds.106.3.e37. PMID 10969121.
- ↑ Berg AT (1992). "Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology". Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 6 (2): 145–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00756.x. PMID 1584717.
- ↑ DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, Boggs JG, Pellock JM, Penberthy L; et al. (1996). "A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia". Neurology. 46 (4): 1029–35. doi:10.1212/wnl.46.4.1029. PMID 8780085.