Syncope risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
[[Syncope]] is a [[Sign (medical)|sign]] of insufficient [[cerebral blood flow]] and it should be evaluated for the underlying [[Causes|cause]]. Possible underlying [[causes]] of syncope include [[structural heart disease]], [[vasovagal syncope]] | [[Syncope]] is a [[Sign (medical)|sign]] of insufficient [[cerebral blood flow]] and it should be evaluated for the underlying [[Causes|cause]]. Possible underlying [[causes]] of syncope include [[structural heart disease]], [[vasovagal syncope]] | ||
Common risk factors associated with cardiac causes of [[syncope]] include: | *Common risk factors associated with cardiac causes of [[syncope]] include: | ||
* Older age (>60 y) | :* Older age (>60 y) | ||
* [[Male]] sex | :* [[Male]] sex | ||
* Presence of known [[ischemic heart disease]], [[structural heart disease]], previous [[arrhythmias]], or reduced [[ventricular function]] | :* Presence of known [[ischemic heart disease]], [[structural heart disease]], previous [[arrhythmias]], or reduced [[ventricular function]] | ||
* Brief prodromes, such as palpitations, or sudden loss of consciousness without a prodrome | :* Brief prodromes, such as palpitations, or sudden loss of consciousness without a prodrome | ||
* [[Syncope] during exertion | :* [[Syncope] during exertion | ||
* [[Syncope]] in the supine position | :* [[Syncope]] in the supine position | ||
* Low number of [[syncope]] episodes (1 or 2) | :* Low number of [[syncope]] episodes (1 or 2) | ||
* Abnormal [[cardiac]] examination | :* Abnormal [[cardiac]] examination | ||
* [[Family history]] of inheritable conditions or [[premature sudden cardiac death ([[SCD]]) (<50 y of age) | :* [[Family history]] of inheritable conditions or [[premature sudden cardiac death ([[SCD]]) (<50 y of age) | ||
* Presence of known [[congenital heart disease]] | :* Presence of known [[congenital heart disease]] | ||
Common risk factors associated with noncardiac causes of [[syncope]] include: | *Common risk factors associated with noncardiac causes of [[syncope]] include: | ||
*Younger age | :*Younger age | ||
*No known cardiac disease | :*No known cardiac disease | ||
* [[Syncope]] only in the standing position | :* [[Syncope]] only in the standing position | ||
* Positional change from supine or sitting to standing | :* Positional change from supine or sitting to standing | ||
* Presence of prodrome: [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], feeling warmth | :* Presence of prodrome: [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], feeling warmth | ||
* Presence of specific triggers: [[dehydration]], [[pain]], stressful stimulus, [[medical environment]] | :* Presence of specific triggers: [[dehydration]], [[pain]], stressful stimulus, [[medical environment]] | ||
* Situational triggers: [[cough]], [[laugh]], [[micturition]], [[defecation]], [[deglutition]] | :* Situational triggers: [[cough]], [[laugh]], [[micturition]], [[defecation]], [[deglutition]] | ||
* History of [[syncope]] with similar characteristics and frequent recurrence | :* History of [[syncope]] with similar characteristics and frequent recurrence | ||
:* The following factors has been associated with increased risk of orthostatic syncope:<ref name="Anil2016">{{cite journal|last1=Anil|first1=OmMurti|title=Syncope: Approach to diagnosis|journal=Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology|volume=5|issue=3|year=2016|pages=84|issn=2250-3528|doi=10.4103/2250-3528.191099}}</ref> | :* The following factors has been associated with increased risk of orthostatic syncope:<ref name="Anil2016">{{cite journal|last1=Anil|first1=OmMurti|title=Syncope: Approach to diagnosis|journal=Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology|volume=5|issue=3|year=2016|pages=84|issn=2250-3528|doi=10.4103/2250-3528.191099}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 16:17, 14 November 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]
Overview
Syncope is a sign of insufficient cerebral blood flow and it should be evaluated for the underlying cause. Possible underlying causes of syncope include structural heart disease, vasovagal syncope and arrhythmia. Risk factors associated with the development of either of these disorders may contribute to the development of syncope.
Risk Factors
Syncope is a sign of insufficient cerebral blood flow and it should be evaluated for the underlying cause. Possible underlying causes of syncope include structural heart disease, vasovagal syncope
- Common risk factors associated with cardiac causes of syncope include:
- Older age (>60 y)
- Male sex
- Presence of known ischemic heart disease, structural heart disease, previous arrhythmias, or reduced ventricular function
- Brief prodromes, such as palpitations, or sudden loss of consciousness without a prodrome
- [[Syncope] during exertion
- Syncope in the supine position
- Low number of syncope episodes (1 or 2)
- Abnormal cardiac examination
- Family history of inheritable conditions or [[premature sudden cardiac death (SCD) (<50 y of age)
- Presence of known congenital heart disease
- Common risk factors associated with noncardiac causes of syncope include:
- Younger age
- No known cardiac disease
- Syncope only in the standing position
- Positional change from supine or sitting to standing
- Presence of prodrome: nausea, vomiting, feeling warmth
- Presence of specific triggers: dehydration, pain, stressful stimulus, medical environment
- Situational triggers: cough, laugh, micturition, defecation, deglutition
- History of syncope with similar characteristics and frequent recurrence
- The following factors has been associated with increased risk of orthostatic syncope:[1]
- Sudden postural change of the head (especially upon waking in the morning)
- Standing still for a long period
- Certain antihypertensive drugs (e.g., diuretics, vasodilators)
- Severe exertion with dehydration
- Reduced “thirst drive” in elderly individuals
- Avoidance of fluid intake in older men (to minimize prostate symptoms)
- Excess alcohol or caffeine use
- Straining during micturition or defecation
- High environmental temperature (including hot baths, showers, and saunas)
- Large meals (especially with refined carbohydrates)
References
- ↑ Anil, OmMurti (2016). "Syncope: Approach to diagnosis". Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology. 5 (3): 84. doi:10.4103/2250-3528.191099. ISSN 2250-3528.