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Revision as of 20:58, 21 December 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Marufa Marium, M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Cough in kids

Overview

Historical Perspective

The word Cough was first derived from the middle English Coughen or old English Cohhian which was primarily composed of the middle Dutch Kochen and the high middle German Kuchen, in early 14th century.

Classification

Cough in children may be classified or defined according to the duration of presenting complaints, quality and sound, causes of cough into several groups.^[1]:
1 Duration of Presenting complaints: According to the duration of cough, it can be sub classified into three categories.
- Acute: Cough persists for less than three weeks.
- Subacute: Cough persists for three to eight weeks.
- Chronic: Cough persists for more than eight weeks.

2. Nature or Quality and sounds: According to the quality and sound cough can be sub classified in to following categories-
- Dry or Hacking or Nonproductive.
- Wet or productive cough.
- Staccato or short repetitive cough.
- Whooping or paroxysmal violent or spasmodic cough.
- Barking cough: Brassy barking or Honking barking.
- Phlegmy cough.
- Burning cough.

3. Causes of Cough: Based on causes cough is subdivided into following three sub groups-
- Normal or expected cough.
- Specific cough.
- Non-specific cough.

4. Anatomic classification on causes of cough: Cough can be produced from different anatomical locations. for example-
- Nose and Paranasal sinuses.
- Pharynx.
- Larynx.
- Trachea and Bronchi.
- Pulmonary parenchyma.
- Pleura.
- Mediastinum.
- Heart and blood vessels.
- External ear and Tympanic membrane.
- Esophagus.

5. Grades of cough: Cough can be graded into four main sub categories-^[2]
- Eutussia or Normal.
- Hypertussia or Sensitized.
- Hypotussia or Desensitized.
- Dystussia or Pathological.
- Atussia or Absent.

Cough in children can also be classified under infectious (Bacterial, Viral, fungal, Parasitic) or non-infectous categories broadly.

Pathophysiology

Cough is natural innate primitive reflex that helps in mucocilliary clearance of foreign particles and secretions from respiratory tracts. It is also a defensive mechanism protecting respiratory airways from aspiration of pathogens, particulates and secretions. A complex arc comprised of neuro-respiratory pathways helps in initiating the cough reflex.^[3]

Mechanical and chemical stimulation of cough receptors (Rapidly adapting receptors, slowly adapting receptors or C-fibers) in Respiratory airways

Afferent pathways: Sensory nerve fibers via Vagus Nerve from ciliated columnar epithelium of upper airways, cardiac and esophageal branches from diaphragm send impulse to central cough center

Central cough center in upper brain stem medulla and pons send impulse of sequence of phases (Inspiratory, Compressive, Expiratory) for constituting cough

Efferent pathways: The nucleus retroambigualis sends impulse via phrenic and spinal motor nerves to diaphragm and abdominal and respiratory muscles, the nucleus ambiguous sends impulse to larynx by laryngeal branches of vagus nerve

On gross pathology, Bloody, Serous , Mucoid, Rusty, Pink frothy, and Purulent are characteristic findings of sputum produced by coughing.
On microscopic histopathological analysis, Pathogens, RBCs, Leukocytes, epithelial celss are characteristic findings of Sputum produced by coughing.

Causes

Causes of cough in children according to duration^[4]^[5]^[6]:

Cough

Acute(<3 weeks) •Common Cold
•Allergic Rhinitis
•Bronchitis
•Bronchiolitis
•Asthma
•Whooping Cough
•Influenza
•Croup or Tracheolaryngobronchitis
•Pneumonia
•Irritation by smoking
•Foreign Body
•GERD

Subacute(3-8 weeks) •Whooping Cough or Pertussis
•Post infectious Cough
•Bacterial Sinusitis
•Asthma

Chronic(>8 weeks) •Upper Airway Cough Syndrome
•Asthma
•Bronchiectasis in Cystic fibrosis and Kartagener Syndrome
•Chronic sinusitis
•Malacia
•Foreign Body
•Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis
•Respiratory environmental toxins

According to quality and sound of cough in children, the causes can be classified according to following chart.

Dry or Hacking or Nonproductive

Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, Allergic Rhinitis, GERD, Asthma, Environmental exposure to irritants(pollen, dust, mites, smokes), Post infectious cough.

Wet or productive cough

Cystic fibrosis, Bronchiectasis, Bronchiolitis, Tuberculosis, Rhinitis, Postnasal drip, Pneumonia, Emphysema, Acute bronchitis, Asthma

Causes of Cough based on Nature or quality and sound

Staccato or short repetitive cough

Chlamydia pneumonia

Whooping or paroxysmal violent or spasmodic cough

Pertussis

Barking cough

•Brassy barking: Croup, Tracheomalacia, Laryngitis, Tracheitis
•Honking barking: Psychogenic cough , Tourette syndrome (habit cough)

Phlegmy cough

Viral infection

Burning cough

Bacterial Bronchitis, Irritants

Based on anatomical location the causes of cough in children can be demonstrated into following chart-

Nose and Paranasal sinuses

Rhinitis, Foreign Body, Sinusitis, Nasal polyp, ppHypertrophied inferior turbinate]]

Pharynx

Pharyngitis, Foreign Body, Irritants

Larynx

Laryngitis, Epiglottis, Tonsillitis, Laryngomalacia, Subglottic stenosis, Foreign body

Trachea and Bronchi

Tracheitis, Croup, Bronchiolitis, Bronchiectasis, Bronchitis, Cystic fibrosis

Causes based on anatomic location

Pulmonary parenchyma

Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Environmental toxin, Respiratory distress syndrome, Aspiration syndrome, Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Connective tissue disease, Alveolar capillary dysplasia, Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, Medications, Mutations causing surfactant dysfunction, Emphysema

Pleura

Pleurisy, Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, Parapneumonic effusions, Pleural tuberculosis, Congenital hydrothorax and chylothorax

Mediastinum

Mediastinitis, Mediastinal Tuberculosis, Thymoma, Thymic hyperplasia, Thymic carcinoma, Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma, Non Hodgkin lymphoma, Sarcoma, Mature teratoma, Endodermal sinus tumor, Hemangioma, Wilms tumor, Lymphangioma

Heart and blood vessels

Congenital heart disease, Valvular heart disease, Heart failure, Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathies, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis, Arteriovenous malformation

External ear and Tympanic membrane

Otitis media and externa, Impaction of foreign body, wax, Myringitis

Esophagus

GERD, Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Differentiating Cough from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Cough is one of the most common symptoms of children in outpatient department.
Ninety percent of acute cough in children is resolved within three weeks. The prevalence of Chronic Cough in children is approximately 5% to 10% in USA according to American Academy of Pediatrics.

Age

Cough is more commonly observed among children under 5 years of age.^[7]

Gender

Boys are more commonly affected with cough than girls.^[8]

Race

There are racial predilection for certain causes of Cough in children. Asthma is predominant in Blacks and American Indians or Alaska native while Cystic fibrosis, Wegener's granulomatosis are more frequently affecting Caucasians according to American Lung Association.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of Cough in children are-
- Preterm Birth and delivery by caesarian section.
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
- Congenital Heart Disease.
- Age less than 1 year.
- Maternal Influenza vaccination.
- Malnutrition.
- Secondary exposure to tobacco smoke.
- Air pollutants, Mold, Inadequate ventilation.
- Immunodeficiencies.
- Daycare attendance.
- History of Atopy.
- Household pets.
- Low socioeconomic status.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The majority of patients with acute cough have recovery within three weeks in 90% of cases. Some of cases are progressed to sub-acute and chronic phases. Chronic cough lasts more than eight weeks whereas recurrent cough can affect a child for more than two years with 1-2 weeks duration in each episodes.
Early clinical features include frequent episodes of coughing, Runny nose, Sneezing, Low grade fever, Sore Throat, Night Sweats, Arching Back, Irritability, Failure to thrive, Fussiness, Chocking sensation(Foreign body impaction).
If left untreated, Cough can cause following complication in children.

Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of Causes of Cough is made after a detailed history, presenting complaints and physical examination and laboratory findings in some cases. Cough can be classified according to-
- Duration.
- Nature or quality of cough.
- Etiology.
- Anatomic location.
- Grade.

A detailed history focusing on onset of disease, factors worsening the episodes, time of worsening, aleviating factors, amount work of breathing, presence of shortness of breathing, relation with vomiting, food intake, posture, presence of blood, systemic findings(fever, weight loss, hypotension, syncope, vertigo, dizziness, failure to thrive), episodes of chocking, houshold socioeconomic status, family history, drug abuse and smoking in family members, atopy, congenital history. The following sighns are alarming which need further emergent evaluation by the physician.

[Cyanosis or hypoxemia or hypoxia]
[Respiratory distress]
[Stridor]
[Toxic appearence]
[Weight loss]

Symptoms

Symptoms of Cough may include the following:

[Breathelessness and episodes of coughing]
[Runny nose]
[Sneezing]
[Fever]
[Sore Throat]
[Night Sweats]
[Arching Back]
[Irritability]
[Failure to thrive]
[Fussiness]
[Chocking sensation(Foreign body impaction)]
[Chills and Rigor]
[Wheezing]
[Headache, myalgia, fatigue]

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

[finding 1]
[finding 2]
[finding 3]
[finding 4]
[finding 5]
[finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

↑ Alsubaie H, Al-Shamrani A, Alharbi AS, Alhaider S (March 2015). "Clinical practice guidelines: Approach to cough in children: The official statement endorsed by the Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA)". Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1016/j.ijpam.2015.03.001. PMID 30805435.
↑ Chung KF, Bolser D, Davenport P, Fontana G, Morice A, Widdicombe J (April 2009). "Semantics and types of cough". Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 22 (2): 139–42. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2008.12.008. PMID 19136069.
↑ Polverino M, Polverino F, Fasolino M, Andò F, Alfieri A, De Blasio F (June 2012). "Anatomy and neuro-pathophysiology of the cough reflex arc". Multidiscip Respir Med. 7 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-7-5. PMID 22958367.
↑ "Acute cough in children".
↑ Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Min TH, Lee BJ, Choi DC (May 2006). "Causes and clinical features of subacute cough". Chest. 129 (5): 1142–7. doi:10.1378/chest.129.5.1142. PMID 16685003.
↑ Bergamini M, Kantar A, Cutrera R, Interest Group I (2017). "Analysis of the Literature on Chronic Cough in Children". Open Respir Med J. 11: 1–9. doi:10.2174/1874306401711010001. PMID 28553418. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Chang AB, Glomb WB (January 2006). "Guidelines for evaluating chronic cough in pediatrics: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 260S–283S. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.260S. PMID 16428719.
↑ "Prevalence of cough throughout childhood: A cohort study".

[pmid30805435-1] Alsubaie H, Al-Shamrani A, Alharbi AS, Alhaider S (March 2015). "Clinical practice guidelines: Approach to cough in children: The official statement endorsed by the Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA)". Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1016/j.ijpam.2015.03.001. PMID 30805435.

[pmid19136069-2] Chung KF, Bolser D, Davenport P, Fontana G, Morice A, Widdicombe J (April 2009). "Semantics and types of cough". Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 22 (2): 139–42. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2008.12.008. PMID 19136069.

[pmid22958367-3] Polverino M, Polverino F, Fasolino M, Andò F, Alfieri A, De Blasio F (June 2012). "Anatomy and neuro-pathophysiology of the cough reflex arc". Multidiscip Respir Med. 7 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-7-5. PMID 22958367.

[urlAcute_cough_in_children-4] "Acute cough in children".

[pmid16685003-5] Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Min TH, Lee BJ, Choi DC (May 2006). "Causes and clinical features of subacute cough". Chest. 129 (5): 1142–7. doi:10.1378/chest.129.5.1142. PMID 16685003.

[pmid28553418-6] Bergamini M, Kantar A, Cutrera R, Interest Group I (2017). "Analysis of the Literature on Chronic Cough in Children". Open Respir Med J. 11: 1–9. doi:10.2174/1874306401711010001. PMID 28553418. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid16428719-7] Chang AB, Glomb WB (January 2006). "Guidelines for evaluating chronic cough in pediatrics: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines". Chest. 129 (1 Suppl): 260S–283S. doi:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.260S. PMID 16428719.

[urlPrevalence_of_cough_throughout_childhood:_A_cohort_study-8] "Prevalence of cough throughout childhood: A cohort study".

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@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 ==Differentiating Cough from other Diseases==
-'''For the differential diagnosis of productive cough, click [[Productive cough|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of acute cough, click [[Acute cough|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of chronic cough, click [[Chronic cough|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough and hemoptysis, click [[Cough and hemoptysis|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough and weight loss, click [[Cough and weight loss|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough and fever, click [[Cough and weight loss|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough and wheeze, click [[Cough and wheeze|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough, fever, and hemoptysis, click [[Cough, fever, and hemoptysis|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough, fever, and weight loss, click [[Cough, fever, and weight loss|here]].'''<br>
-'''For the differential diagnosis of cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss, click [[Cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss|here]].'''<br>
-<small><small>
-{|
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
-|-
-! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| rowspan="7" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
-| rowspan="7" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Upper respiratory tract|'''Upper airway diseases''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Epiglottitis|'''Epiglottitis''']]<ref name="pmid11464324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stroud RH, Friedman NR |title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=268–75 |year=2001 |pmid=11464324 |doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9857318">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon P, Weisbrod M, Irish JC, Gullane PJ |title=Adult epiglottitis: the Toronto Hospital experience |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=332–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9857318 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Abrupt or acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 12−24 hours
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Elevated white blood count in CBC
-* [[Blood culture]] may show bacterial growth
-* Epiglottal culture in intubated patients may show bacterial growth
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Enlarge [[epiglottis]] (>8 mm), loss of vallecular air space and distended [[hypopharynx]] in neck [[X-rays|X−ray]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Direct visualization of [[Erythema|erythematous]] and edematous [[epiglottis]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tripod posture
-* [[Drooling]]
-* [[Tenderness]] of the anterior part of the neck
-* Etiology: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Croup|'''Croup''']]<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 3−5 days
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stridor]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Leukopenia]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing ([[steeple sign]]) in postero−anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Decresed [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis.
-* Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Barking cough]]
-* Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza'' virus type 1]] (most common)
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Two weeks
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Whooping sound
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*   Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reactio]]<nowiki/>n ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) shows ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]''
-* Serologic testing
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Atelectasis]] may seen on chest imaging
-* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Culture
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]''
-* Phases: Catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease|Laryngopharyngeal reflux]]'''<ref name="urlWhat is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery">{{cite web |url=http://www.entnet.org/content/what-lpr |title=What is LPR? &#124; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12461340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA |title=Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=2192–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12461340 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Decreased levels of salivary [[epidermal growth factor]] ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
-* Increased levels of [[NKTR]]
-* [[Biopsy]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[X-rays|X−Ray]] may be helpful
-* [[Endoscopy]] examination may be helpful as well
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 24 hour−dual sensor [[pH]] probe
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Throat clearing
-* [[Globus pharyngis|Globus sensation]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Common Cold Unit|Common Cold]]'''<ref name="pmid16253889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 3−10 days
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rales]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Bacterial culture is not indicated
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] in patients with signs of [[consolidation]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Conjunctival injection]]
-* [[Nasal congestion]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Seasonal [[Influenza (flu)|Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid12376607">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, Yoon HK, Byun HS, Kim TS, Suh GY, Kwon OJ, Han J |title=Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 Spec No |issue= |pages=S137–49 |year=2002 |pmid=12376607 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc15s137 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-* 5−10 days
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Breath|Shorteness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT−PCR]]
-* [[Antigen detection test]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Reticular]] or reticulonodular opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: A or B [[Influenza virus|''Influenza'' virus]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid21490181">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[subacute]], [[chronic]], recurrent
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Acute (medicine)|Acute]]: Less than 4 weeks
-* [[Subacute]]: 4−12 weeks
-* [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]: More than 12 weeks
-* Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clear chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]], endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate is indicated
-* Nasal culture may also be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Air−fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion of sinus on [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] for distinguish the [[etiology]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis: [[Nasal congestion]], [[obstruction]], and purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Erythema]] in [[Periorbital edema|periorbital]] area
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
-|-
-! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| rowspan="8" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
-| rowspan="8" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid19626179">{{cite journal| author=Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB| title=Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2008 | volume= 105 | issue= 21 | pages= 385-94 | pmid=19626179 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385 | pmc=2696883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19626179  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +  Clear [[Mucoid plaque|mucoid]] or yellow [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]] (expiratory)
-* [[Rales]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Eosinophilia]]
-* Total [[serum]] [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in test for [[allergy]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] if there any abnormality in [[chest  X-Ray|chest  X−Ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of [[Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists|beta 2 sympathomimetic drug]]
-* After physical active [[FEV1]] decreases by >15%
-* After inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] increased by >15%
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Family history
-* Seasonal variation
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Acute Bronchitis]]'''<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +/−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheezing]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Sputum culture]] is not indicated
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] in bacterial infection may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X−ray]] to exclude other diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* FEV1 < 80%
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Majority of cases are caused by [[respiratory]] [[viruses]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Most of the days for three months in the las two years.
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Clear [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[CBC]] and [[ABG]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] to exclude other diseases
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] may also be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] < 70%
-* Post bronchodilatador [[FEV1]] > 80%
-* Reduced [[Vital capacity|FVC]] after bronchodilatador administration
-* Decread [[vital capacity]]
-* Increased [[total lung capacity]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Demostration of airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Smoker's cough]]
-* Cigarette smoking
-* Pollution
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Non−asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29317659">{{cite journal| author=Cho J, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee SM, Yoo CG et al.| title=Clinical Outcome of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases Including Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 146 | pmid=29317659 | doi=10.1038/s41598-017-18265-2 | pmc=5760521 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29317659  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* More than 8 weeks
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + [[Eosinophilic]] [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
-* Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[sputum]] induction or bronchial wash fluid from [[bronchoscopy]] ([[bronchoalveolar lavage]])
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal [[chest X-Ray|chest X−Ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] >70%
-* No response of short acting [[bronchodilator]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Bronchial]] [[biopsy]]
-* [[Eosinophilia]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exposure to an occupational cause
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Bronchiectasis|'''Bronchiectasis''']]<ref name="pmid166509702">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Months to years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
-* [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]
-* [[Sputum]] culture for [[Fungus|fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-Ray|chest X−Ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
-* Normal [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-* Low levels of [[Spirometry|FEV1]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" a+ |
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Digital clubbing]]
-* Recurrent [[pleurisy]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid28919728">{{cite journal| author=Rossi A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Chilosi M, Cosío BG, Flezar M, Koulouris N et al.| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild airflow limitation: current knowledge and proposal for future research - a consensus document from six scientific societies. | journal=Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue=  | pages= 2593-2610 | pmid=28919728 | doi=10.2147/COPD.S132236 | pmc=5587130 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28919728  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Months to years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Mucoid or purulent [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Prolonged [[Exhalation|expiration]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Testing for [[alpha 1-antitrypsin|alpha 1−antitrypsin]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X−Ray]] to exclude other diseases
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] may also be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
-* Post [[bronchodilator]] [[FEV1]] >80
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Detection of early [[emphysema]] in [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid29221325">{{cite journal| author=Hewlett JC, Rickman OB, Lentz RJ, Prakash UB, Maldonado F| title=Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 3398-3409 | pmid=29221325 | doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.06.137 | pmc=5708401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29221325  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26568942">{{cite journal| author=Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, Ranjbar Kiakelayeh S, Parvizi A, Heidarzadeh A| title=Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study. | journal=Iran J Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 82 | pages= 377-85 | pmid=26568942 | doi= | pmc=4639691 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26568942  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* No specific tests
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]], and [[mediastinitis]]
-* Shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[radio-opaque|radio−opaque]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Bronchoscopy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* In children <1 year and adults >75 years
-* Organic materials in children
-* Inorganic materials in adults
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Bronchiolitis|'''Bronchiolitis''']]<ref name="pmid14757603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN |title=Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=119–26 |year=2004 |pmid=14757603 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng9/resources/bronchiolitis-in-children-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-51048523717 |title=www.nice.org.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 8−15 days
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-* Increased [[respiratory rate]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]]) may be helpful
-* [[Urinalysis]] & [[urine culture]] ( in infants)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-Ray|Chest X−Ray]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%)
-* Air trapping in [[Lung volumes]]
-* Reduced [[DLCO|Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide]] ( [[DLCO]])
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: Respiratory ''[[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
-* Children <2 years
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
-|-
-! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
-| rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pneumonia|'''Pneumonia''']]<ref name="pmid10987697">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ |title=Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=347–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10987697 |doi=10.1086/313954 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-* [[Egophony]]
-* Decreased bronchial sounds
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Leftward shift [[leukocytosis]]
-* [[Blood culture]] in hospitalized patients
-* [[Sputum culture]] in hospitalized patients
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]], and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-* Anatomical changes observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Infiltration observed in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Community-acquired pneumonia|Community−acquired pneumonia]]
-* [[Healthcare-associated pneumonia|Healthcare−associated pneumonia]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[CBC]] and [[ABG]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] and [[Positron emission tomography|FDG−PET]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
-* [[FEV1]] <80%
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exposure history  and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[asbestos]]
-* Inert: [[Iron]], [[barium]]
-* Granulomatous: [[Beryllium]]
-* Giant cell pneumonia: [[Cobalt]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Lung cancer|'''Lung cancer''']]<ref name="pmid21296855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D |title=Global cancer statistics |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=69–90 |year=2011 |pmid=21296855 |doi=10.3322/caac.20107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23649435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK |title=Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=143 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=e121S–e141S |year=2013 |pmid=23649435 |pmc=4694609 |doi=10.1378/chest.12-2352 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +/−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
-* [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]]
-* [[Calcium]]
-* [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
-* [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
-* [[Creatinine]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Contrast enhanced CT|Contrast−enhanced CT]] of chest and upper abdomen
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue [[biopsy]]  (sample should be sufficient for [[Molecule|molecular]] testing)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Risk factor:
-** Cigarette smoking
-* Types
-** [[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
-** [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non−small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]] or velcro rales
-* [[Lung volumes|Inspiratory]] high−pitched [[rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Hepatic function test]]
-* [[Renal function tests|Renal function test]]
-* [[Complete blood count|CBC]]
-* [[Serology|Serological testing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] on spirometry
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] normal or increase
-* [[Lung volumes]]
-* Diffusion capacity ([[DLCO]] reduced)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Lung [[biopsy]] when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clubbing is common in [[asbestosis]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Tuberculosis]] ([[Tuberculosis|TB]])'''<ref name="pmid9332519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R |title=Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=242–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9332519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2456183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD |title=Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test |journal=Chest |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=316–20 |year=1988 |pmid=2456183 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* More than 2 or 3 weeks
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Pleural effusion]]
-* [[Crackles]]
-* [[Whispered pectoriloquy]]
-* Decreased fremitus
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Sputum [[acid-fast|acid−fast]] bacilli ([[Acid-fast|AFB]]) smear may be positive
-* [[Mycobacterium|Mycobacterial]] [[Culture media|culture]] may be positive
-* Molecular testing may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reactivation of [[Tuberculosis|TB]] is observed as [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] in the upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* In patients with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]], Tb is observed as lobar [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]], [[adenopathy]], lung mass named [[tuberculoma]], small fibronodular lesions, and/or [[pleural effusion]] on [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] can detect early nodal process
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Decreased [[FEV1]]
-* Reduced  [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Isolation of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' from some [[secretion]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
-* Complications: [[Pneumothorax]], [[bronchiectasis]], pulmonary destruction and [[chronic pulmonary aspergillosis]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Cystic fibrosis|'''Cystic fibrosis''']]  ([[Cystic fibrosis|CF]])<ref name="pmid18639722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW |title=Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=S4–S14 |year=2008 |pmid=18639722 |pmc=2810958 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1285737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H |title=Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1187–91 |year=1992 |pmid=1285737 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +/−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Barrel−shaped chest
-* [[Wheezing]]
-* [[Tachypnea]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Respiratory tract]] [[Culture media|culture]] may be helpful for diagnosing secondary bacterial infection
-* [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] for cytology may be helpful
-* ≥ 60 mmol/L [[Sweat chloride test]]
-* [[CFTR (gene)|CFTR]] [[mutation]] in molecular testing may be positive
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperinflation, [[atelectasis]], and infiltrates on [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* Severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" [[Peribronchial cuffing|peribronchial cuffin]]<nowiki/>g in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* The extension of [[bronchietasis]] can be defined by [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Residual volume|RV]]/[[Total lung capacity|TLC]] ratio increased
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%
-* Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-* High levels of [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
-* [[Residual volume|RV]] increased
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Sweat chloride test]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Evidence of [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] dysfunction
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
-|-
-! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Heart|'''Cardiac''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pulmonary edema|'''Cardiogenic pulmonary edema''']]<ref name="pmid16365214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=3958–68 |year=2005 |pmid=16365214 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23741058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=128 |issue=16 |pages=e240–327 |year=2013 |pmid=23741058 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Days to weeks
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Pink frothy, liquid
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Rales|Crackles]]
-* Increased [[respiratory rate]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-* Gurgling sounds
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Arterial blood gas]]
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-* [[Serum creatinine|Serum creatinin]]
-* Serum [[troponin]]
-* [[Electrolyte|Electrolytes]]
-* [[Lactic acid]]
-* [[Complete blood count]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cardiomegaly]], [[pleural effusion]], interstitial [[edema]], alveolar [[edema]] and blood redistribution in lower lobes in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-* Tests are supportive
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[12-lead ECG|12−lead ECG]]
-* Plasma [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and [[NT-proBNP|NT−proBNP]]
-* [[Echocardiography]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Mitral stenosis|'''Mitral Stenosis''']]<ref name="pmid13936649">{{cite journal| author=MUNROE DS, RALLY CR| title=The diagnosis of mitral stenosis. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1963 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 611-22 | pmid=13936649 | doi= | pmc=1921207 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13936649  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19747723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J |title=Mitral stenosis |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9697 |pages=1271–83 |year=2009 |pmid=19747723 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | + Pink frothy
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Crackles]]
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specifc
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Electrocardiogram]] may be helpful
-* Enlargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Resting [[transthoracic echocardiography]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Stress testing]]
-* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pulmonary hypertension|'''Pulmonary hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid21393391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LM, Chen H, Halpern S, Taichman D, McGoon MD, Farber HW, Frost AE, Liou TG, Turner M, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, Elliott CG |title=Delay in recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension: factors identified from the REVEAL Registry |journal=Chest |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21393391 |pmc=3198486 |doi=10.1378/chest.10-1166 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12651053">{{cite journal| author=Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K| title=Pulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 41 | issue= 6 | pages= 1028-35 | pmid=12651053 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12651053  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* More than 2 years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Dysphonia|Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] serology
-* [[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
-* [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
-* [[Anti-neutrophil  cytoplasmic antibody|Anti−neutrophil  cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Enlargement of the central [[pulmonary artery]] and right heart  in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* [[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[echocardiography]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Low levels of [[FEV1]]
-* Decreased [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-* [[DLCO]] reduced
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Mean [[pulmonary artery]] pressure more than 25 [[mmHg]] at rest
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest pain]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-* [[Syncope]]
-* Peripherial [[edema]]
-|-
-| colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Gastrointestinal tract|'''Gastrointestinal''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|'''Gastroesophageal reflux''']]<ref name="pmid21508423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW |title=Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gut |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1473–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21508423 |doi=10.1136/gut.2011.241307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25133039">{{cite journal| author=Badillo R, Francis D| title=Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 105-12 | pmid=25133039 | doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105 | pmc=4133436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25133039  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not specific
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Upper endoscopy]] may be helpful
-* [[Barium]] esophagram may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* PH testing
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −−
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
-|-
-! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
-|-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
-|-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Autoimmune]]'''
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Goodpasture syndrome|'''Goodpasture syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid3728460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyce NW, Holdsworth SR |title=Pulmonary manifestations of the clinical syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=31–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3728460 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27496347">{{cite journal| author=Foster MH| title=Basement membranes and autoimmune diseases. | journal=Matrix Biol | year= 2017 | volume= 57-58 | issue=  | pages= 149-168 | pmid=27496347 | doi=10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.008 | pmc=5290253 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27496347  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Shortness of breath]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
-* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
-* [[Goodpasture syndrome|Anti−GBM]] in [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]] or [[western blot]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Pulmonary infiltratation in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] scan for parenchymal involvement
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased [[DLCO]]
-* Decreased [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
-* Decreased [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Renal [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hematuria]]
-* [[Proteinuria]]
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Wegener's disease''']] ([[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''GPA''']]) <ref name="pmid1739240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS |title=Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=488–98 |year=1992 |pmid=1739240 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21374588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA |title=Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=863–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21374588 |doi=10.1002/art.30286 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Months
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]], [[P-ANCA|P−ANCA]], [[C-ANCA|C−ANCA]]
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-* [[Creatinine]]
-* [[Complete blood count]]
-* [[Urinalysis]]
-* Lung [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nodules]], [[Lung|pulmonary]] infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and [[Cavity|cavities]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* [[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]], [[cavities]] and stellate−shaped peripherial [[pulmonary]] in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-* [[Bronchoscopy]] may be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Low levels of [[DLCO]]
-* Reduce [[lung volumes]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic [[rhinosinusitis]], nasal obstruction and discharge in [[Upper respiratory tract|upper airway]]
-* [[Saddle nose|Saddle nose deformity]]
-* [[Purpura]] in lower extremities
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Years
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | −
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Squeaky sounds
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
-* [[Urinalysis]]
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-* [[Liver function tests|Liver function test]]
-* [[Calcium]]
-* [[Alkaline phosphatase]] levels
-* [[Electrolyte|Electrolytes]]
-* [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] detection
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* On [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]:
-** Stage 1: Bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]]
-** Stage 2: [[Reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy
-** Stage 3: Shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and [[reticular]] opacities
-** Stage 4: Lost of volume
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reduced [[FVC]]
-* Decreased of [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis, [[Histopathology|histopathologic]] detection of noncaseating [[Granuloma|granulomas]] and exclusion of other diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Young adults
-* [[Skin]], [[joint]] and [[eye]] lesions
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Microscopic polyangitis ([[Microscopic polyangiitis|MPA]])'''<ref name="JennetteFalk1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jennette|first1=J. Charles|last2=Falk|first2=Ronald J.|title=Small-Vessel Vasculitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=337|issue=21|year=1997|pages=1512–1523|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Hoarseness]]
-* [[Stridor]]
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |The following investigations may be helpful:
-* [[ANCA]] positive
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-* [[Creatinine]]
-* [[Complete blood count]]
-* [[Urinalysis]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cavitation]], [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]], and alveolar opacities in [[chest X-ray|chest X−ray]]
-* Head and chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] may be helpful
-* [[Electromyography]]/[[nerve conduction study]] may also be helpful
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reduced [[lung volumes]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nerve]] damage
-* [[Rhinosinusitis]]
-* [[Purpura]] involving lower extremities
-|-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Churg−Strauss''']]<ref name="pmid23330816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J |title=Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state of the art |journal=Allergy |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=261–73 |year=2013 |pmid=23330816 |doi=10.1111/all.12088 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6366453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR |title=Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=65–81 |year=1984 |pmid=6366453 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Variable
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rales]]
-* [[Rhonchi]]
-* Expiratory sounds(related to [[asthma]])
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Peripherial [[eosinophilia]]
-* In active phase [[C-reactive protein|CRP]] and [[Red blood cell|erytrocyte]] [[sedimentation]] rate high
-* Elevated [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
-* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Infiltrates in [[Chest X-ray|chest X−Ray]]
-* Ground glass opacities, tree−in−bud sign and small nodules  in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Lung volumes]] decreased
-* [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue [[biopsy]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Asthma]]
-* [[Eosinophilia]]
-* [[Rhinosinusitis]]
-|-
-| colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Medication|'''Medication''']]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[ACE inhibitor|'''ACE inhibitors''']]<ref name="pmid1616218">{{cite journal |vauthors=Israili ZH, Hall WD |title=Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=234–42 |year=1992 |pmid=1616218 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7619667">{{cite journal| author=Wood R| title=Bronchospasm and cough as adverse reactions to the ACE inhibitors captopril, enalapril and lisinopril. A controlled retrospective cohort study. | journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol | year= 1995 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 265-70 | pmid=7619667 | doi= | pmc=1365002 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7619667  }}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute (depend on the medication)
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* From 2 weeks to 6 months
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |−
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Not  indicated
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* No indicated
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal function
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" a+ |
-* Resolves in four to five days of stopping the medication
-*[[Angioedema]]
-|}
-</small></small>
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==