Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics): Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Urinary tract''' infections ('''UTIs''') are common in kids. | '''Urinary tract''' infections ('''UTIs''') are common in kids. UTIs occurs when bacteria (germs) get into the bladder (lower tract infection) or kidneys(upper tract). Abdominal pain and loin tenderness, with systemic features such as fever, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy and malaise are the signs of upper tract infection while lower abdominal or [[suprapubic]] pain, [[dysuria]], urinary frequency and [[urgency]] are signs of lower tract infections. In younger children the typical signs are not clear and it is difficult to differentiation between upper and lower tract infection. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI by age 5. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are very important to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Life Threatening Causes=== | ===Life Threatening Causes=== | ||
'''Urinary tract''' infections has two basic types, [[bladder]] infection and [[kidney]] infection. | '''Urinary tract''' infections has two basic types, [[bladder]] infection and [[kidney]] infection. If the infection is in the bladder it is called [[cystitis]] and it causes pain and swelling in bladder. If the infection traveled up to the kidneys, it is called [[pyelonephritis]] which is serious and it may cause harm to the [[kidneys]]. | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
===infection=== | ===infection=== | ||
*[[E.coli]] ,is the most common cause of UTI in children of all | *[[E.coli]] ,is the most common cause of UTI in children of all ages.<ref name="pmid20514772">{{cite journal| author=Spahiu L, Hasbahta V| title=Most frequent causes of urinary tract infections in children. | journal=Med Arh | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 88-90 | pmid=20514772 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20514772 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Klebsiella]], is the second common cause. | *[[Klebsiella]], is the second common cause. | ||
*[[Proteus ]] | *[[Proteus ]] | ||
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==FIRE: Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation== | ==FIRE: Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation== | ||
UTI should be considered in any infant or child presenting with fever without an identifiable source of infection | UTI should be considered in any infant or child presenting with fever without an identifiable source of infection, because it can be associated with acute mortality (i.e. urosepsis) and/or chronic medical problems like [[renal scarring]]<ref name="pmid25421102">{{cite journal| author=Becknell B, Schober M, Korbel L, Spencer JD| title=The diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of acute and recurrent pediatric urinary tract infections. | journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 81-90 | pmid=25421102 | doi=10.1586/14787210.2015.986097 | pmc=4652790 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25421102 }} </ref>, [[hypertension]], and [[chronic renal insufficiency]],that is why '''''[[urinalysis]] and [[urine culture]]''''' should be done.The AAP (American Academy of pediatrics) recommendations for imaging after an initial febrile UTI were extensive and included renal and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) or radionuclide cystography in all children younger than two years of age <ref name="pmid21873693">{{cite journal| author=Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Roberts KB| title=Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2011 | volume= 128 | issue= 3 | pages= 595-610 | pmid=21873693 | doi=10.1542/peds.2011-1330 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21873693 }} </ref> | ||
==Complete Diagnostic Approach== | ==Complete Diagnostic Approach== | ||
Revision as of 21:19, 29 January 2021
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rana aljebzi, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Urinary tract infection in kids, UTI in kids, UTI in pediatrics, pedicatrics urinary tract infection
| Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics) Microchapters |
|---|
| Overview |
| Causes |
| FIRE |
| Diagnosis |
| Treatment |
| Do's |
| Don'ts |
Overview
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in kids. UTIs occurs when bacteria (germs) get into the bladder (lower tract infection) or kidneys(upper tract). Abdominal pain and loin tenderness, with systemic features such as fever, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy and malaise are the signs of upper tract infection while lower abdominal or suprapubic pain, dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency are signs of lower tract infections. In younger children the typical signs are not clear and it is difficult to differentiation between upper and lower tract infection. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get a UTI by age 5. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are very important to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Urinary tract infections has two basic types, bladder infection and kidney infection. If the infection is in the bladder it is called cystitis and it causes pain and swelling in bladder. If the infection traveled up to the kidneys, it is called pyelonephritis which is serious and it may cause harm to the kidneys.
Common Causes
infection
- E.coli ,is the most common cause of UTI in children of all ages.[1]
- Klebsiella, is the second common cause.
- Proteus
- Enterobacter and Enterococcus
- Citrobacter
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Candida albicans.
Mechanical
- vesicoureteral reflux , is the most common predisposing factor in recurrent UTI.
- urinary obstruction.
FIRE: Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation
UTI should be considered in any infant or child presenting with fever without an identifiable source of infection, because it can be associated with acute mortality (i.e. urosepsis) and/or chronic medical problems like renal scarring[2], hypertension, and chronic renal insufficiency,that is why urinalysis and urine culture should be done.The AAP (American Academy of pediatrics) recommendations for imaging after an initial febrile UTI were extensive and included renal and bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) or radionuclide cystography in all children younger than two years of age [3]
Complete Diagnostic Approach
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of UTI in children according to the AAP [American Academy of Pediatrics] guidelines.
| Child with fever and symptoms of UTI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unstable/Septic | Stable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Admit + IV antibiotics + Consider specialist consult | Urine culture and urianalysis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First UTI | Recurrent UTI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| <2years old | >2years old | Ultrasound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ultrasound | Normal | Abnormal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal | Abnormal | DMSA scan if appropriate | Further management | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antibiotic for 7-14 days according to sensitivity | Further management according to findings | • MAG3 renography • MR urography • Delayed DMSA scan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Obstruction | Vesicoureteral reflux | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MAC3 renography | MCV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of UTI in children according to the AAP [American Academy of pediatrics] guidelines.
| Treatment of febrile children with UTI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stable | Toxic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oral antibiotic 7-14 days | Parenteral antibiotic, once improved shift to oral antibiotic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
- The goals of treatment are:
- Elimination of the acute infection.
- Prevent the complication.
- Reduce the renal damage.
Table1
Some Empiric Antimicrobial Agents for Oral Treatment of UTI.[3]
| Antimicrobial Agent | Dosage |
|---|---|
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 20–40 mg/kg per d in 3 doses |
| Sulfonamide | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 6–12 mg/kg trimethoprim and 30-60 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole per d in 2 doses |
| Sulfisoxazole | 120–150 mg/kg per d in 4 doses |
| Cephalosporin | |
| Cefixime | 8 mg/kg per d in 1 dose |
| Cefpodoxime | 10 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| Cefprozil | 30 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| Cefuroxime axetil | 20–30 mg/kg per d in 2 doses |
| Cephalexin | 50–100 mg/kg per d in 4 doses |
Table2
Empiric Antimicrobial Agents for Parenteral Treatment of UTI [3]
| Antimicrobial Agent | Dosage |
|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | 75 mg/kg, every 24 h |
| Cefotaxime | 150 mg/kg per d, divided every 6–8 h |
| Ceftazidime | 100–150 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Gentamicin | 7.5 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Tobramycin | 5 mg/kg per d, divided every 8 h |
| Piperacillin | 300 mg/kg per d, divided every 6–8 h |
Do's
- Immediate empirical antimirobial.[4]
- Diagnostic ultrasonography for kidney and bladder to detect anatomical abnormalities.
- Voiding cystourethrogram VCUG ,indicated if US(ultrasonography) shows Hydronephrosis ,scarring,high grade Vesicoureteral Reflux.
Don'ts
- Delay treatment while waiting results of microscopy or culture,that would be harmful.[4]
- Routine diagnostic imaging in all children with first infection.
- Giving prophylaxis antimicrobial to prevent febrile recurrent UTI.
- Surgical correction of minor functional abnormalities, moderate VUR.
References
- ↑ Spahiu L, Hasbahta V (2010). "Most frequent causes of urinary tract infections in children". Med Arh. 64 (2): 88–90. PMID 20514772.
- ↑ Becknell B, Schober M, Korbel L, Spencer JD (2015). "The diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of acute and recurrent pediatric urinary tract infections". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 13 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.986097. PMC 4652790. PMID 25421102.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Roberts KB (2011). "Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months". Pediatrics. 128 (3): 595–610. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1330. PMID 21873693.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Larcombe J (1999). "Urinary tract infection in children". BMJ. 319 (7218): 1173–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7218.1173. PMC 1116958. PMID 10541510.