Blurred vision: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
Blurred vision is caused by a wide range of eye conditions:
Blurred vision is caused by a wide range of eye conditions which include:
*[[Refractive errors]] (most common)
*[[Refractive errors]] (most common)
*[[Age-related macular]] degeneration
*[[Age-related macular]] degeneration
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*[[Glaucoma]]
*[[Glaucoma]]
*Corneal abrasion or scarring; keratitis
*Corneal abrasion or scarring; keratitis
*conjunctivitis
*Uveitis
*Uveitis
*Iritis
*Iritis
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*Eye trauma ([[Hyphema]])
*Eye trauma ([[Hyphema]])
*[[Migraine]]
*[[Migraine]]
*Malignancy and tumor (Brain tumor, Lung cancer metastasis, Leukemia,)
*Malignancy and tumor (Brain tumor, Lung cancer metastasis, Leukemia)
*[[Optic neuritis]]
*[[Optic neuritis]]
*Cerebrovascular disease
*Cerebrovascular disease ([[TIA]], stroke)
*Vasculitis ([[Temporal arteritis]])
*Vasculitis ([[Temporal arteritis]],[[SLE]])
*High blood pressure
*High blood pressure
*Drugs
*Medication


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
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Hyperlipidemia,
Hyperlipidemia,
Hypertension
Hypertension


==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
*Screening for [[Diabetic retinopathy]]
 
*Screening for [[Glaucoma]]
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
 
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
The prognosis of blurred vision depends on the underlying cause.
The prognosis of blurred vision depends on the underlying cause.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].


OR
The diagnosis of blurred vision is based on taking detailed medical history and eye examination.


There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of blurred visin.
===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration,associated symptoms and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral.
Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration,associated symptoms and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral.
symptoms which can accompany blurred vision are:  
Symptoms which can accompany blurred vision are:  
Redness of the eye
Redness of the eye,
,Eye pain
Eye pain,
,[[Epiphoria]]
[[Epiphoria]],
,Headache
Headache,
,[[Photophobia]]
[[Photophobia]],
,Halos
Halos,
,Nausea
Nausea,
,Polydipsia and polyuria
Polydipsia and polyuria,
,Dizziness
Dizziness,
and Numbness
Numbness.


===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Eye examination of patients with blurred vision include :
Eye examination of patients with blurred vision includes :
*Visual acuity test to detect refractive errors
*[[Visual acuity test  
*Pupillary and visual fields examination
*Visual fields examination
*Cornea,Lens and anterior chamber examination to find opacification, using slit lamp or ophtalmoscope
*Slit lamp  
*Tonometry to measure Intraocular pressure
*Ophtalmoscopy
*Examination of retina,fovea,macula, vessels and optic disk
*[[Tonometry]]
 


===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Patients with systemic disorders should have appropriate testing:
 
An elevated concentration of blood sugar and HgA1C is seen in blurred vision due to diabetes mellitus.
OR
Urinalysis and renal function testing should be considered in patients with high blood pressure.
 
Antinuclear antibodies and elevated ESR are associated with SLE and vasculitis.
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
CBC with differential count and other tests are needed in some cases( Leukemia, [[Multiple myeleoma]])
 
OR
 
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
 
OR


Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
===Electrocardiogram===
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===CT scan===
===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
CT scan of brain may be helpful in diagnosis of mass occupying lesions or Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.


OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].


OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR


Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.
*Corrective lenses and eyeglasses may correct visual acuity in refractive errors.
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
*Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents(anti-VEGF drugs ) are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME).PMCID: PMC5822768
 
*Glaucoma is usually controlled with eyedrop medicine
OR
*Antibacterial, antiviral and anti parasite agents are the main treatment in infectious causes.
 
*Corticosteroids are used in the treatment of some kinds of uveitis, iritis and optic neuritis.
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
*Laser treatment  is an option in treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
 
OR
 
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
 
OR
 
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
 
OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
 
OR
 
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
===Surgery===
===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
*Surgical intervention like LASIK is commonly used to correct a refractive error.
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for cataract.
*Vitrectomy is used in treatment of Diabetic retinopathy
*Different types of surgeries  to treat glaucoma are: Trabeculoplasty ,Iridotomy and Trabeculectomy


OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
Keeping the glucose level close to the normal level in diabetic patients is the best way to lower the risk of diabetic retinopathy.


OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
==Treatment==
Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.
Corrective lenses may correct visual acuity in refractive errors.




Revision as of 13:07, 31 January 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief:

Overview

Blurred vision is a common ocular symptom which is define as a sudden or gradual loss of clarity or sharpness of vision and difficulty to see fine details.It can present unilateral or bilateral.

Pathophysiology

Blurred vision may result from refractive errors, opacity of structures (lens, cornea, vitreous), retina disorder or optic nerve disease.

Causes

Blurred vision is caused by a wide range of eye conditions which include:

Epidemiology

Depends on the cause, patients of different age groups may develop blurred vision.

Risk Factors

Genetic, Family history, Diabetes mellitus, Age, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

The prognosis of blurred vision depends on the underlying cause.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of blurred vision is based on taking detailed medical history and eye examination.

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of blurred visin.

History and Symptoms

Patient Should be asked about the onset, duration,associated symptoms and whether blurred vision is bilateral or unilateral. Symptoms which can accompany blurred vision are: Redness of the eye, Eye pain, Epiphoria, Headache, Photophobia, Halos, Nausea, Polydipsia and polyuria, Dizziness, Numbness.

Physical Examination

Eye examination of patients with blurred vision includes :

  • [[Visual acuity test
  • Visual fields examination
  • Slit lamp
  • Ophtalmoscopy
  • Tonometry


Laboratory Findings

Patients with systemic disorders should have appropriate testing: An elevated concentration of blood sugar and HgA1C is seen in blurred vision due to diabetes mellitus. Urinalysis and renal function testing should be considered in patients with high blood pressure. Antinuclear antibodies and elevated ESR are associated with SLE and vasculitis. CBC with differential count and other tests are needed in some cases( Leukemia, Multiple myeleoma)

CT scan

CT scan of brain may be helpful in diagnosis of mass occupying lesions or Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].


Treatment

Depends upon the cause, underlying disorders should be addressed.

  • Corrective lenses and eyeglasses may correct visual acuity in refractive errors.

Medical Therapy

  • Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents(anti-VEGF drugs ) are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME).PMCID: PMC5822768
  • Glaucoma is usually controlled with eyedrop medicine
  • Antibacterial, antiviral and anti parasite agents are the main treatment in infectious causes.
  • Corticosteroids are used in the treatment of some kinds of uveitis, iritis and optic neuritis.
  • Laser treatment is an option in treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

Surgery

  • Surgical intervention like LASIK is commonly used to correct a refractive error.
  • Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for cataract.
  • Vitrectomy is used in treatment of Diabetic retinopathy
  • Different types of surgeries to treat glaucoma are: Trabeculoplasty ,Iridotomy and Trabeculectomy

Primary Prevention

Keeping the glucose level close to the normal level in diabetic patients is the best way to lower the risk of diabetic retinopathy.

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

References


Template:WS



References


Template:WS

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