Diabetic foot epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide. According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer. Diabetic foot ulcer has a higher incidence in men. | The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide. According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer. Diabetic foot ulcer has a higher incidence in men. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The [[incidence]] of [[diabetic foot]] [[ulcer]] is approximately 630 per 100,000 [[diabetes|diabetic]] individuals world wide.<ref name="pmid28614678">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA| title=Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 376 | issue= 24 | pages= 2367-2375 | pmid=28614678 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1615439 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28614678 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J et al.| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27585063">{{cite journal| author=Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y| title=Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (†). | journal=Ann Med | year= 2017 | volume= 49 | issue= 2 | pages= 106-116 | pmid=27585063 | doi=10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27585063 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16731996">{{cite journal| author=Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, Nelson KM, Heagerty PJ| title=Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2006 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 1202-7 | pmid=16731996 | doi=10.2337/dc05-2031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16731996 }} </ref> | *The [[incidence]] of [[diabetic foot]] [[ulcer]] is approximately 630 per 100,000 [[diabetes|diabetic]] individuals world wide.<ref name="pmid28614678">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA| title=Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 376 | issue= 24 | pages= 2367-2375 | pmid=28614678 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1615439 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28614678 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J et al.| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27585063">{{cite journal| author=Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y| title=Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (†). | journal=Ann Med | year= 2017 | volume= 49 | issue= 2 | pages= 106-116 | pmid=27585063 | doi=10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27585063 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16731996">{{cite journal| author=Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, Nelson KM, Heagerty PJ| title=Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2006 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 1202-7 | pmid=16731996 | doi=10.2337/dc05-2031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16731996 }} </ref> | ||
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*Based on another study, up to 25% of [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patients]] develop [[diabetic foot]] within their [[disease]] period.<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref> | *Based on another study, up to 25% of [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patients]] develop [[diabetic foot]] within their [[disease]] period.<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref> | ||
*It is estimated that 2% to 3% of [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patients]] experience [[diabetic foot]] every year.<ref name="pmid25996397">{{cite journal| author=| title=Reorganized text. | journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 141 | issue= 5 | pages= 428 | pmid=25996397 | doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2142042">{{cite journal| author=Borssén B, Bergenheim T, Lithner F| title=The epidemiology of foot lesions in diabetic patients aged 15-50 years. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1990 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 438-44 | pmid=2142042 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01420.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2142042 }} </ref> | *It is estimated that 2% to 3% of [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patients]] experience [[diabetic foot]] every year.<ref name="pmid25996397">{{cite journal| author=| title=Reorganized text. | journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 141 | issue= 5 | pages= 428 | pmid=25996397 | doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2142042">{{cite journal| author=Borssén B, Bergenheim T, Lithner F| title=The epidemiology of foot lesions in diabetic patients aged 15-50 years. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1990 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 438-44 | pmid=2142042 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01420.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2142042 }} </ref> | ||
===Prevalence=== | |||
*The [[prevalence]] of active [[diabetic foot]] [[ulcer|ulcers]] in United Kingdom is approximately 170 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid28614678">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA| title=Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 376 | issue= 24 | pages= 2367-2375 | pmid=28614678 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1615439 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28614678 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J et al.| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref> | |||
===Mortality=== | ===Mortality=== | ||
*The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer.<ref name="pmid28614678">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA| title=Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 376 | issue= 24 | pages= 2367-2375 | pmid=28614678 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1615439 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28614678 }} </ref> | *The 5 year risk of mortality in [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patient|patients]] with a [[foot]] [[ulcer]] is 2.5 times higher than [[diabetes|diabetic individuals]] without a [[foot]] [[ulcer]].<ref name="pmid28614678">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA| title=Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2017 | volume= 376 | issue= 24 | pages= 2367-2375 | pmid=28614678 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1615439 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28614678 }} </ref> | ||
===Age=== | |||
===Race=== | |||
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name]. | |||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a male preponderance for the development of severe microvascular complications <ref name="pmid2956021">{{cite journal| author=Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T et al.| title=The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1987 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 211-6 | pmid=2956021 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956021 }} </ref> | *In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a [[male]] preponderance for the development of severe [[Microvascular disease|microvascular]] [[Complication (medicine)|complications]].<ref name="pmid2956021">{{cite journal| author=Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T et al.| title=The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 1987 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 211-6 | pmid=2956021 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956021 }} </ref> [[Diabetic foot]] [[disease]] is not an exception to this rule. | ||
*For unknown reasons, men have a higher risk of diabetic foot disease compared to women. | *For unknown reasons, [[male|men]] have a higher risk of [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]] compared to [[female|women]]. | ||
* | *Few possible explanations could be the higher [[bioavailability]] of [[nitric oxide]] ([[nitric oxide|NO]]), higher responsiveness to [[nitric oxide|NO]] and the protective role of [[estrogen]] in [[females|women]]. <ref name="pmid12538427">{{cite journal| author=Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH et al.| title=Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 | pages= 271-8 | pmid=12538427 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12538427 }} </ref>. However the beneficial effect of these factors could be reversed by [[diabetes]] itself, irrespective of the [[Menopause|menopausal status]] of [[female]] [[patients]]. Nevertheless men still have a higher risk for [[diabetic foot]] [[disease]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [2] Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide. According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer. Diabetic foot ulcer has a higher incidence in men.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of diabetic foot ulcer is approximately 630 per 100,000 diabetic individuals world wide.[1][2][3][4]
- According to an other estimate the incidence of diabetic foot ulcer is approximately 1500 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[5]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in the US veterans is approximately 500 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2][3][4]
- The incidence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 220 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
- Based on another study, up to 25% of diabetic patients develop diabetic foot within their disease period.[6]
- It is estimated that 2% to 3% of diabetic patients experience diabetic foot every year.[7][8]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of active diabetic foot ulcers in United Kingdom is approximately 170 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2]
Mortality
- The 5 year risk of mortality in diabetic patients with a foot ulcer is 2.5 times higher than diabetic individuals without a foot ulcer.[1]
Age
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
Gender
- In 1987, Borch-Johnsen et al. described a male preponderance for the development of severe microvascular complications.[9] Diabetic foot disease is not an exception to this rule.
- For unknown reasons, men have a higher risk of diabetic foot disease compared to women.
- Few possible explanations could be the higher bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), higher responsiveness to NO and the protective role of estrogen in women. [10]. However the beneficial effect of these factors could be reversed by diabetes itself, irrespective of the menopausal status of female patients. Nevertheless men still have a higher risk for diabetic foot disease.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA (2017). "Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence". N Engl J Med. 376 (24): 2367–2375. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1615439. PMID 28614678.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J; et al. (2002). "The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort". Diabet Med. 19 (5): 377–84. PMID 12027925.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y (2017). "Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (†)". Ann Med. 49 (2): 106–116. doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932. PMID 27585063.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, Nelson KM, Heagerty PJ (2006). "Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study". Diabetes Care. 29 (6): 1202–7. doi:10.2337/dc05-2031. PMID 16731996.
- ↑ Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR; et al. (2006). "Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision)". J Foot Ankle Surg. 45 (5 Suppl): S1–66. doi:10.1016/S1067-2516(07)60001-5. PMID 17280936.
- ↑ Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG; et al. (2014). "Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention". J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 (1): 1.e1–18, quiz 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055. PMID 24355275.
- ↑ "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
- ↑ Borssén B, Bergenheim T, Lithner F (1990). "The epidemiology of foot lesions in diabetic patients aged 15-50 years". Diabet Med. 7 (5): 438–44. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01420.x. PMID 2142042.
- ↑ Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Salling N, Henriksen E, Kreiner S, Deckert T; et al. (1987). "The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes in Denmark: 2. Long-term survival--who and why". Diabet Med. 4 (3): 211–6. PMID 2956021.
- ↑ Gladwin MT, Schechter AN, Ognibene FP, Coles WA, Reiter CD, Schenke WH; et al. (2003). "Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease". Circulation. 107 (2): 271–8. PMID 12538427.