Short stature resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 10: Line 10:
Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth<ref name="pmid20605163">{{cite journal| author=Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV| title=A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 157 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-40, 640.e1 | pmid=20605163 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025 | pmc=2943875 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20605163  }}</ref><ref name="pmid176674802">{{cite journal| author=Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B | display-authors=etal| title=Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 1015-1027 | pmid=17667480 | doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17667480  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18580502">{{cite journal| author=Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ| title=Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 9 | pages= 994-1009 | pmid=18580502 | doi=10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18580502  }}</ref>:   
Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth<ref name="pmid20605163">{{cite journal| author=Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV| title=A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 157 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-40, 640.e1 | pmid=20605163 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025 | pmc=2943875 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20605163  }}</ref><ref name="pmid176674802">{{cite journal| author=Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B | display-authors=etal| title=Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 1015-1027 | pmid=17667480 | doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17667480  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18580502">{{cite journal| author=Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ| title=Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 9 | pages= 994-1009 | pmid=18580502 | doi=10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18580502  }}</ref>:   


*Undernutrition <ref name="pmid3053861">{{cite journal| author=Lifshitz F, Moses N| title=Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity. | journal=J Am Coll Nutr | year= 1988 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 367-76 | pmid=3053861 | doi=10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3053861  }}</ref>
*Undernutrition <ref name="pmid3053861">{{cite journal| author=Lifshitz F, Moses N| title=Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity. | journal=J Am Coll Nutr | year= 1988 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 367-76 | pmid=3053861 | doi=10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3053861  }}</ref>


*[[Glucocorticoid]] therapy<ref name="pmid10727589">{{cite journal| author=Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW | display-authors=etal| title=Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 12 | pages= 851-9 | pmid=10727589 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200003233421204 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10727589  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7767512">{{cite journal| author=Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST| title=Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1995 | volume= 151 | issue= 6 | pages= 1715-9 | pmid=7767512 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7767512  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1878641">{{cite journal| author=Wolthers OD, Pedersen S| title=Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial. | journal=BMJ | year= 1991 | volume= 303 | issue= 6795 | pages= 163-5 | pmid=1878641 | doi=10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163 | pmc=1670402 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1878641  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14517528">{{cite journal| author=Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C| title=Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 3 | pages= 402-5 | pmid=14517528 | doi=10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14517528  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9709954">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM| title=Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 8 | pages= 2824-9 | pmid=9709954 | doi=10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9709954  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8879994">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB| title=Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 1996 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 699-717 | pmid=8879994 | doi=10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8879994  }}</ref>
*[[Glucocorticoid]] therapy<ref name="pmid10727589">{{cite journal| author=Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW | display-authors=etal| title=Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 12 | pages= 851-9 | pmid=10727589 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200003233421204 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10727589  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7767512">{{cite journal| author=Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST| title=Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1995 | volume= 151 | issue= 6 | pages= 1715-9 | pmid=7767512 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7767512  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1878641">{{cite journal| author=Wolthers OD, Pedersen S| title=Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial. | journal=BMJ | year= 1991 | volume= 303 | issue= 6795 | pages= 163-5 | pmid=1878641 | doi=10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163 | pmc=1670402 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1878641  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14517528">{{cite journal| author=Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C| title=Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2003 | volume= 143 | issue= 3 | pages= 402-5 | pmid=14517528 | doi=10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14517528  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9709954">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM| title=Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 8 | pages= 2824-9 | pmid=9709954 | doi=10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9709954  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8879994">{{cite journal| author=Allen DB| title=Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 1996 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 699-717 | pmid=8879994 | doi=10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8879994  }}</ref>


*[[Gastrointestinal]] disease<ref name="pmid1284243">{{cite journal| author=Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease. | journal=Horm Res | year= 1992 | volume= 38 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 79-84 | pmid=1284243 | doi=10.1159/000182576 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1284243  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20145606">{{cite journal| author=Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B | display-authors=etal| title=Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2010 | volume= 105 | issue= 8 | pages= 1893-900 | pmid=20145606 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.20 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20145606  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14612366">{{cite journal| author=Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK| title=Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2003 | volume= 88 | issue= 11 | pages= 995-1000 | pmid=14612366 | doi=10.1136/adc.88.11.995 | pmc=1719349 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14612366  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24957008">{{cite journal| author=Sanderson IR| title=Growth problems in children with IBD. | journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 10 | pages= 601-10 | pmid=24957008 | doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24957008  }}</ref>
*[[Gastrointestinal]] disease<ref name="pmid1284243">{{cite journal| author=Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease. | journal=Horm Res | year= 1992 | volume= 38 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 79-84 | pmid=1284243 | doi=10.1159/000182576 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1284243  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20145606">{{cite journal| author=Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B | display-authors=etal| title=Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2010 | volume= 105 | issue= 8 | pages= 1893-900 | pmid=20145606 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.20 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20145606  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14612366">{{cite journal| author=Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK| title=Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2003 | volume= 88 | issue= 11 | pages= 995-1000 | pmid=14612366 | doi=10.1136/adc.88.11.995 | pmc=1719349 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14612366  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24957008">{{cite journal| author=Sanderson IR| title=Growth problems in children with IBD. | journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 10 | pages= 601-10 | pmid=24957008 | doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24957008  }}</ref>


*[[Rheumatologic disease]]<ref name="pmid19940490">{{cite journal| author=Bechtold S, Roth J| title=Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2009 | volume= 72 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 13-9 | pmid=19940490 | doi=10.1159/000229758 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19940490  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid9137323">{{cite journal| author=Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N | display-authors=etal| title=Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Scand J Rheumatol | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=9137323 | doi=10.3109/03009749709115826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9137323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29940586">{{cite journal| author=de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M| title=Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2018 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-343 | pmid=29940586 | doi=10.1159/000489778 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29940586  }}</ref>
*[[Rheumatologic disease]]<ref name="pmid19940490">{{cite journal| author=Bechtold S, Roth J| title=Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2009 | volume= 72 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 13-9 | pmid=19940490 | doi=10.1159/000229758 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19940490  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid9137323">{{cite journal| author=Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N | display-authors=etal| title=Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Scand J Rheumatol | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=9137323 | doi=10.3109/03009749709115826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9137323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29940586">{{cite journal| author=de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M| title=Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2018 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 337-343 | pmid=29940586 | doi=10.1159/000489778 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29940586  }}</ref>


*[[Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid621287">{{cite journal| author=McSherry E, Morris RC| title=Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1978 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 509-27 | pmid=621287 | doi=10.1172/JCI108962 | pmc=372562 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=621287  }}</ref>
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid621287">{{cite journal| author=McSherry E, Morris RC| title=Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1978 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 509-27 | pmid=621287 | doi=10.1172/JCI108962 | pmc=372562 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=621287  }}</ref>


*[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid18059086">{{cite journal| author=Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L| title=Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-74 | pmid=18059086 | doi=10.1159/000111809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059086  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2893877">{{cite journal| author=Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA| title=Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8583 | pages= 460-2 | pmid=2893877 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2893877  }}</ref>
*[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid18059086">{{cite journal| author=Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L| title=Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Horm Res | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 2 | pages= 65-74 | pmid=18059086 | doi=10.1159/000111809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18059086  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2893877">{{cite journal| author=Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA| title=Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1988 | volume= 1 | issue= 8583 | pages= 460-2 | pmid=2893877 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2893877  }}</ref>


*[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary disease]]<ref name="pmid1872173">{{cite journal| author=Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B| title=Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age. | journal=Acta Paediatr Scand | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 508-14 | pmid=1872173 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1872173  }}</ref>  
*[[Pulmonary disease|Pulmonary disease]]<ref name="pmid1872173">{{cite journal| author=Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B| title=Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age. | journal=Acta Paediatr Scand | year= 1991 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 508-14 | pmid=1872173 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1872173  }}</ref>


*[[Cardiac disease]]<ref name="pmid1623850">{{cite journal| author=Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF| title=Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome. | journal=Eur J Clin Nutr | year= 1992 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 457-64 | pmid=1623850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1623850  }}</ref>
*[[Cardiac disease]]<ref name="pmid1623850">{{cite journal| author=Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF| title=Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome. | journal=Eur J Clin Nutr | year= 1992 | volume= 46 | issue= 7 | pages= 457-64 | pmid=1623850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1623850  }}</ref>


*[[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease<ref name="pmid8410511">{{cite journal| author=McKinney RE, Robertson JW| title=Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the growth of young children. Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1993 | volume= 123 | issue= 4 | pages= 579-82 | pmid=8410511 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80955-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8410511  }}</ref>
*[[Immunological|Immunologic]] disease<ref name="pmid8410511">{{cite journal| author=McKinney RE, Robertson JW| title=Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the growth of young children. Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1993 | volume= 123 | issue= 4 | pages= 579-82 | pmid=8410511 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80955-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8410511  }}</ref>


*[[Metabolic diseases]]<ref name="pmid22244464">{{cite journal| author=Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 160 | issue= 6 | pages= 900-3.e2 | pmid=22244464 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22244464  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1719338">{{cite journal| author=Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD| title=Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome. | journal=Metabolism | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 1106-11 | pmid=1719338 | doi=10.1016/0026-0495(91)90138-m | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1719338  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8299467">{{cite journal| author=Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD| title=Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1993 | volume= 16 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 101-6 | pmid=8299467 | doi=10.2337/diacare.16.3.101 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8299467  }}</ref>  
*[[Metabolic diseases]]<ref name="pmid22244464">{{cite journal| author=Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J | display-authors=etal| title=Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 160 | issue= 6 | pages= 900-3.e2 | pmid=22244464 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22244464  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1719338">{{cite journal| author=Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD| title=Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome. | journal=Metabolism | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 1106-11 | pmid=1719338 | doi=10.1016/0026-0495(91)90138-m | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1719338  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8299467">{{cite journal| author=Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD| title=Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1993 | volume= 16 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= 101-6 | pmid=8299467 | doi=10.2337/diacare.16.3.101 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8299467  }}</ref>


[[Endocrine]] causes<ref name="pmid7538145">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref> of [[growth failure]]  
[[Endocrine]] causes<ref name="pmid7538145">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref> of [[growth failure]]  
Line 34: Line 34:
*[[Cushing syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8052272">{{cite journal| author=Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 10 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=8052272 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199409083311002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8052272  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid16302612">{{cite journal| author=Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA, Sheehan JP, Asthagiri AR, Oskouian RJ | display-authors=etal| title=Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 2005 | volume= 103 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= 413-20 | pmid=16302612 | doi=10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16302612  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16094156">{{cite journal| author=Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, Rezajooi K, Ellamushi H, Grossman AB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2005 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 281-5; discussion 281-5 | pmid=16094156 | doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000166580.94215.53 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16094156  }}</ref>
*[[Cushing syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8052272">{{cite journal| author=Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 10 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=8052272 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199409083311002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8052272  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid16302612">{{cite journal| author=Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA, Sheehan JP, Asthagiri AR, Oskouian RJ | display-authors=etal| title=Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 2005 | volume= 103 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= 413-20 | pmid=16302612 | doi=10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16302612  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16094156">{{cite journal| author=Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, Rezajooi K, Ellamushi H, Grossman AB | display-authors=etal| title=Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2005 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 281-5; discussion 281-5 | pmid=16094156 | doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000166580.94215.53 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16094156  }}</ref>


*[[Hypothyroidism|2Hypothyroidism]]  
*[[Hypothyroidism|2Hypothyroidism]]


Sexual precocity<ref name="pmidPMID 11343032">{{cite journal| author=Rogol AD| title=Early menarche and adult height: reprise of the hare and the tortoise? | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 617-8 | pmid=PMID 11343032 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114697 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343032  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11343036">{{cite journal| author=Biro FM, McMahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA | display-authors=etal| title=Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 636-43 | pmid=11343036 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114476 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343036  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9093289">{{cite journal| author=Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG | display-authors=etal| title=Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1997 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-12 | pmid=9093289 | doi=10.1542/peds.99.4.505 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9093289  }}</ref>
Sexual precocity<ref name="pmidPMID 11343032">{{cite journal| author=Rogol AD| title=Early menarche and adult height: reprise of the hare and the tortoise? | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 617-8 | pmid=PMID 11343032 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114697 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343032  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11343036">{{cite journal| author=Biro FM, McMahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA | display-authors=etal| title=Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2001 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 636-43 | pmid=11343036 | doi=10.1067/mpd.2001.114476 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11343036  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9093289">{{cite journal| author=Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG | display-authors=etal| title=Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1997 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-12 | pmid=9093289 | doi=10.1542/peds.99.4.505 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9093289  }}</ref>
Line 40: Line 40:
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]<ref name="pmid75381452">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref>
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]<ref name="pmid75381452">{{cite journal| author=Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1995 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= 1532-40 | pmid=7538145 | doi=10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7538145  }}</ref>


[[Genetic diseases]] with primary effects on growth<ref name="pmid2205623">{{cite journal| author=Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM| title=Clinical review 14: Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1990 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 785-9 | pmid=2205623 | doi=10.1210/jcem-71-4-785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2205623  }}</ref>, [[Turner syndrome]], [[short stature homeobox gene]] (SHOX gene) variants<ref name="pmid17047016">{{cite journal| author=Blum WF, Crowe BJ, Quigley CA, Jung H, Cao D, Ross JL | display-authors=etal| title=Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 219-28 | pmid=17047016 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1409 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17047016  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10634394">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB| title=Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2000 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-9 | pmid=10634394 | doi=10.1210/jcem.85.1.6375 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10634394  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513875">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Glass IA, Flanagan S, Hayes M, Williams B, Berry M | display-authors=etal| title=Familial growth and skeletal features associated with SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 987-96 | pmid=14513875 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.987 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513875  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513876">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Berry M, Vickers D, Rappold GA, Hyland VJ, Glass IA | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on height and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 997-1004 | pmid=14513876 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513876  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9259282">{{cite journal| author=Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron Robey P, Laig-Webster M, Chiong W| title=PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 1997 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 1341-7 | pmid=9259282 | doi=10.1093/hmg/6.8.1341 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9259282  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10626546">{{cite journal| author=Cormier-Daire V, Belin V, Cusin V, Viot G, Girlich D, Toutain A | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX gene mutations and deletions in dyschondrosteosis or Leri-Weill syndrome. | journal=Acta Paediatr Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 88 | issue= 433 | pages= 55-9 | pmid=10626546 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14404.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10626546  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19717006">{{cite journal| author=Franklin SL, Geffner ME| title=Growth hormone: the expansion of available products and indications. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2009 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 587-611 | pmid=19717006 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717006  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15356038">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Renz A, Martinez A, Keselman A, Hesse V, Riedl SW | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2004 | volume= 89 | issue= 9 | pages= 4403-8 | pmid=15356038 | doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0591 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15356038  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17182655">{{cite journal| author=Rappold G, Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Crowe BJ, Roeth R, Quigley CA | display-authors=etal| title=Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 44 | issue= 5 | pages= 306-13 | pmid=17182655 | doi=10.1136/jmg.2006.046581 | pmc=2597980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17182655  }}</ref>, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8424017">{{cite journal| author=Holm VA, Cassidy SB, Butler MG, Hanchett JM, Greenswag LR, Whitman BY | display-authors=etal| title=Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1993 | volume= 91 | issue= 2 | pages= 398-402 | pmid=8424017 | doi= | pmc=6714046 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8424017  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3578708">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy SB| title=Prader-Willi syndrome. Characteristics, management, and etiology. | journal=Ala J Med Sci | year= 1987 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-75 | pmid=3578708 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3578708  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7160103">{{cite journal| author=Butler MG, Kaler SG, Yu PL, Meaney FJ| title=Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Prader-Willi syndrome. | journal=Clin Genet | year= 1982 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 315-20 | pmid=7160103 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-0004.1982.tb01846.x | pmc=6218245 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7160103  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10417280">{{cite journal| author=Amos-Landgraf JM, Ji Y, Gottlieb W, Depinet T, Wandstrat AE, Cassidy SB | display-authors=etal| title=Chromosome breakage in the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes involves recombination between large, transcribed repeats at proximal and distal breakpoints. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1999 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 370-86 | pmid=10417280 | doi=10.1086/302510 | pmc=1377936 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10417280  }}</ref><ref name="pmid: 5011391">{{cite journal| author=Hamilton CR, Scully RE, Kliman B| title=Hypogonadotropinism in Prader-Willi syndrome. Induction of puberty and sperm altogenesis by clomiphene citrate. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 322-9 | pmid=: 5011391 | doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90019-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5011391  }}</ref>, [[Noonan syndrome]]<ref name="pmid28748642">{{cite journal| author=Kruszka P, Porras AR, Addissie YA, Moresco A, Medrano S, Mok GTK | display-authors=etal| title=Noonan syndrome in diverse populations. | journal=Am J Med Genet A | year= 2017 | volume= 173 | issue= 9 | pages= 2323-2334 | pmid=28748642 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.38362 | pmc=5710841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28748642  }}</ref>, [[Silver-Russell Syndrome|Silver-Russell syndrome]]<ref name="pmid18230663">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Seidel AK, Martin DD, Schweizer R, Schwarze CP, Wollmann HA | display-authors=etal| title=The endocrine phenotype in silver-russell syndrome is defined by the underlying epigenetic alteration. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2008 | volume= 93 | issue= 4 | pages= 1402-7 | pmid=18230663 | doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1897 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18230663  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8801103">{{cite journal| author=Wollmann HA, Kirchner T, Enders H, Preece MA, Ranke MB| title=Growth and symptoms in Silver-Russell syndrome: review on the basis of 386 patients. | journal=Eur J Pediatr | year= 1995 | volume= 154 | issue= 12 | pages= 958-68 | pmid=8801103 | doi=10.1007/BF01958638 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8801103  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24051620">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Liebl M, Woelfle J, Eggermann T, Blumenstock G, Schweizer R| title=Adult height and epigenotype in children with Silver-Russell syndrome treated with GH. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 80 | issue= 3 | pages= 193-200 | pmid=24051620 | doi=10.1159/000354658 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24051620  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20431273">{{cite journal| author=Ranke MB, Lindberg A, KIGS International Board| title=Height at start, first-year growth response and cause of shortness at birth are major determinants of adult height outcomes of short children born small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome treated with growth hormone: analysis of data from KIGS. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 4 | pages= 259-66 | pmid=20431273 | doi=10.1159/000289570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20431273  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26154720">{{cite journal| author=Begemann M, Zirn B, Santen G, Wirthgen E, Soellner L, Büttel HM | display-authors=etal| title=Paternally Inherited IGF2 Mutation and Growth Restriction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 4 | pages= 349-56 | pmid=26154720 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1415227 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26154720  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19844787">{{cite journal| author=Butler MG| title=Genomic imprinting disorders in humans: a mini-review. | journal=J Assist Reprod Genet | year= 2009 | volume= 26 | issue= 9-10 | pages= 477-86 | pmid=19844787 | doi=10.1007/s10815-009-9353-3 | pmc=2788689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19844787  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31665337">{{cite journal| author=Patti G, De Mori L, Tortora D, Severino M, Calevo M, Russo S | display-authors=etal| title=Cognitive Profiles and Brain Volume Are Affected in Patients with Silver-Russell Syndrome. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 4 | pages=  | pmid=31665337 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgz151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31665337  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31655321">{{cite journal| author=Giabicani É, Boulé M, Aubertin G, Galliani E, Brioude F, Dubern B | display-authors=etal| title=Sleep disordered breathing in Silver-Russell syndrome patients: a new outcome. | journal=Sleep Med | year= 2019 | volume= 64 | issue=  | pages= 23-29 | pmid=31655321 | doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31655321  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21349887">{{cite journal| author=Wakeling EL| title=Silver-Russell syndrome. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2011 | volume= 96 | issue= 12 | pages= 1156-61 | pmid=21349887 | doi=10.1136/adc.2010.190165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349887  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19364767">{{cite journal| author=Eggermann T, Gonzalez D, Spengler S, Arslan-Kirchner M, Binder G, Schönherr N| title=Broad clinical spectrum in Silver-Russell syndrome and consequences for genetic testing in growth retardation. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 123 | issue= 5 | pages= e929-31 | pmid=19364767 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-3228 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19364767  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10544228">{{cite journal| author=Price SM, Stanhope R, Garrett C, Preece MA, Trembath RC| title=The spectrum of Silver-Russell syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic study and new diagnostic criteria. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 1999 | volume= 36 | issue= 11 | pages= 837-42 | pmid=10544228 | doi= | pmc=1734267 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10544228  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid20424422">{{cite journal| author=Toumba M, Albanese A, Azcona C, Stanhope R| title=Effect of long-term growth hormone treatment on final height of children with Russell-Silver syndrome. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 212-7 | pmid=20424422 | doi=10.1159/000295924 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20424422  }}</ref>,  
[[Genetic diseases]] with primary effects on growth<ref name="pmid2205623">{{cite journal| author=Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM| title=Clinical review 14: Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1990 | volume= 71 | issue= 4 | pages= 785-9 | pmid=2205623 | doi=10.1210/jcem-71-4-785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2205623  }}</ref>,
 
[[Turner syndrome]],
 
[[short stature homeobox gene]] (SHOX gene) variants<ref name="pmid17047016">{{cite journal| author=Blum WF, Crowe BJ, Quigley CA, Jung H, Cao D, Ross JL | display-authors=etal| title=Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 1 | pages= 219-28 | pmid=17047016 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1409 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17047016  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10634394">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB| title=Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2000 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-9 | pmid=10634394 | doi=10.1210/jcem.85.1.6375 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10634394  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513875">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Glass IA, Flanagan S, Hayes M, Williams B, Berry M | display-authors=etal| title=Familial growth and skeletal features associated with SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 987-96 | pmid=14513875 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.987 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513875  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14513876">{{cite journal| author=Munns CF, Berry M, Vickers D, Rappold GA, Hyland VJ, Glass IA | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on height and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= 997-1004 | pmid=14513876 | doi=10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14513876  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9259282">{{cite journal| author=Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron Robey P, Laig-Webster M, Chiong W| title=PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 1997 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 1341-7 | pmid=9259282 | doi=10.1093/hmg/6.8.1341 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9259282  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10626546">{{cite journal| author=Cormier-Daire V, Belin V, Cusin V, Viot G, Girlich D, Toutain A | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX gene mutations and deletions in dyschondrosteosis or Leri-Weill syndrome. | journal=Acta Paediatr Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 88 | issue= 433 | pages= 55-9 | pmid=10626546 | doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14404.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10626546  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19717006">{{cite journal| author=Franklin SL, Geffner ME| title=Growth hormone: the expansion of available products and indications. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2009 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 587-611 | pmid=19717006 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19717006  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15356038">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Renz A, Martinez A, Keselman A, Hesse V, Riedl SW | display-authors=etal| title=SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformity. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2004 | volume= 89 | issue= 9 | pages= 4403-8 | pmid=15356038 | doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0591 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15356038  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17182655">{{cite journal| author=Rappold G, Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Crowe BJ, Roeth R, Quigley CA | display-authors=etal| title=Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 44 | issue= 5 | pages= 306-13 | pmid=17182655 | doi=10.1136/jmg.2006.046581 | pmc=2597980 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17182655  }}</ref>,
 
[[Prader-Willi syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8424017">{{cite journal| author=Holm VA, Cassidy SB, Butler MG, Hanchett JM, Greenswag LR, Whitman BY | display-authors=etal| title=Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1993 | volume= 91 | issue= 2 | pages= 398-402 | pmid=8424017 | doi= | pmc=6714046 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8424017  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3578708">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy SB| title=Prader-Willi syndrome. Characteristics, management, and etiology. | journal=Ala J Med Sci | year= 1987 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-75 | pmid=3578708 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3578708  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7160103">{{cite journal| author=Butler MG, Kaler SG, Yu PL, Meaney FJ| title=Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Prader-Willi syndrome. | journal=Clin Genet | year= 1982 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 315-20 | pmid=7160103 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-0004.1982.tb01846.x | pmc=6218245 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7160103  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10417280">{{cite journal| author=Amos-Landgraf JM, Ji Y, Gottlieb W, Depinet T, Wandstrat AE, Cassidy SB | display-authors=etal| title=Chromosome breakage in the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes involves recombination between large, transcribed repeats at proximal and distal breakpoints. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1999 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 370-86 | pmid=10417280 | doi=10.1086/302510 | pmc=1377936 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10417280  }}</ref><ref name="pmid: 5011391">{{cite journal| author=Hamilton CR, Scully RE, Kliman B| title=Hypogonadotropinism in Prader-Willi syndrome. Induction of puberty and sperm altogenesis by clomiphene citrate. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 322-9 | pmid=: 5011391 | doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90019-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5011391  }}</ref>,
 
[[Noonan syndrome]]<ref name="pmid28748642">{{cite journal| author=Kruszka P, Porras AR, Addissie YA, Moresco A, Medrano S, Mok GTK | display-authors=etal| title=Noonan syndrome in diverse populations. | journal=Am J Med Genet A | year= 2017 | volume= 173 | issue= 9 | pages= 2323-2334 | pmid=28748642 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.38362 | pmc=5710841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28748642  }}</ref>,
 
[[Silver-Russell Syndrome|Silver-Russell syndrome]]<ref name="pmid18230663">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Seidel AK, Martin DD, Schweizer R, Schwarze CP, Wollmann HA | display-authors=etal| title=The endocrine phenotype in silver-russell syndrome is defined by the underlying epigenetic alteration. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2008 | volume= 93 | issue= 4 | pages= 1402-7 | pmid=18230663 | doi=10.1210/jc.2007-1897 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18230663  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8801103">{{cite journal| author=Wollmann HA, Kirchner T, Enders H, Preece MA, Ranke MB| title=Growth and symptoms in Silver-Russell syndrome: review on the basis of 386 patients. | journal=Eur J Pediatr | year= 1995 | volume= 154 | issue= 12 | pages= 958-68 | pmid=8801103 | doi=10.1007/BF01958638 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8801103  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24051620">{{cite journal| author=Binder G, Liebl M, Woelfle J, Eggermann T, Blumenstock G, Schweizer R| title=Adult height and epigenotype in children with Silver-Russell syndrome treated with GH. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 80 | issue= 3 | pages= 193-200 | pmid=24051620 | doi=10.1159/000354658 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24051620  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20431273">{{cite journal| author=Ranke MB, Lindberg A, KIGS International Board| title=Height at start, first-year growth response and cause of shortness at birth are major determinants of adult height outcomes of short children born small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome treated with growth hormone: analysis of data from KIGS. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 4 | pages= 259-66 | pmid=20431273 | doi=10.1159/000289570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20431273  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26154720">{{cite journal| author=Begemann M, Zirn B, Santen G, Wirthgen E, Soellner L, Büttel HM | display-authors=etal| title=Paternally Inherited IGF2 Mutation and Growth Restriction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 4 | pages= 349-56 | pmid=26154720 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1415227 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26154720  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19844787">{{cite journal| author=Butler MG| title=Genomic imprinting disorders in humans: a mini-review. | journal=J Assist Reprod Genet | year= 2009 | volume= 26 | issue= 9-10 | pages= 477-86 | pmid=19844787 | doi=10.1007/s10815-009-9353-3 | pmc=2788689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19844787  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31665337">{{cite journal| author=Patti G, De Mori L, Tortora D, Severino M, Calevo M, Russo S | display-authors=etal| title=Cognitive Profiles and Brain Volume Are Affected in Patients with Silver-Russell Syndrome. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 4 | pages=  | pmid=31665337 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgz151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31665337  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31655321">{{cite journal| author=Giabicani É, Boulé M, Aubertin G, Galliani E, Brioude F, Dubern B | display-authors=etal| title=Sleep disordered breathing in Silver-Russell syndrome patients: a new outcome. | journal=Sleep Med | year= 2019 | volume= 64 | issue=  | pages= 23-29 | pmid=31655321 | doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31655321  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21349887">{{cite journal| author=Wakeling EL| title=Silver-Russell syndrome. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2011 | volume= 96 | issue= 12 | pages= 1156-61 | pmid=21349887 | doi=10.1136/adc.2010.190165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349887  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19364767">{{cite journal| author=Eggermann T, Gonzalez D, Spengler S, Arslan-Kirchner M, Binder G, Schönherr N| title=Broad clinical spectrum in Silver-Russell syndrome and consequences for genetic testing in growth retardation. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 123 | issue= 5 | pages= e929-31 | pmid=19364767 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-3228 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19364767  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10544228">{{cite journal| author=Price SM, Stanhope R, Garrett C, Preece MA, Trembath RC| title=The spectrum of Silver-Russell syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic study and new diagnostic criteria. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 1999 | volume= 36 | issue= 11 | pages= 837-42 | pmid=10544228 | doi= | pmc=1734267 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10544228  }}</ref> <ref name="pmid20424422">{{cite journal| author=Toumba M, Albanese A, Azcona C, Stanhope R| title=Effect of long-term growth hormone treatment on final height of children with Russell-Silver syndrome. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 212-7 | pmid=20424422 | doi=10.1159/000295924 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20424422  }}</ref>,  


[[Skeletal dysplasia]]<nowiki/>s/[[growth plate]] abnormalities<ref name="pmid27245183">{{cite journal| author=de Bruin C, Finlayson C, Funari MF, Vasques GA, Lucheze Freire B, Lerario AM | display-authors=etal| title=Two Patients with Severe Short Stature due to a FBN1 Mutation (p.Ala1728Val) with a Mild Form of Acromicric Dysplasia. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2016 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 342-348 | pmid=27245183 | doi=10.1159/000446476 | pmc=5135661 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27245183  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29155992">{{cite journal| author=Vasques GA, Funari MFA, Ferreira FM, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Barraza-García J | display-authors=etal| title=IHH Gene Mutations Causing Short Stature With Nonspecific Skeletal Abnormalities and Response to Growth Hormone Therapy. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2018 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 604-614 | pmid=29155992 | doi=10.1210/jc.2017-02026 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29155992  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31960617">{{cite journal| author=Hwang IT, Mizuno Y, Amano N, Lee HJ, Shim YS, Nam HK | display-authors=etal| title=Role of NPR2 mutation in idiopathic short stature: Identification of two novel mutations. | journal=Mol Genet Genomic Med | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= e1146 | pmid=31960617 | doi=10.1002/mgg3.1146 | pmc=7057090 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31960617  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27870580">{{cite journal| author=Gkourogianni A, Andrew M, Tyzinski L, Crocker M, Douglas J, Dunbar N | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical Characterization of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Short Stature due to Aggrecan Mutations. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2017 | volume= 102 | issue= 2 | pages= 460-469 | pmid=27870580 | doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3313 | pmc=5413162 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27870580  }}</ref><ref name="pmid30753492">{{cite journal| author=Plachy L, Strakova V, Elblova L, Obermannova B, Kolouskova S, Snajderova M | display-authors=etal| title=High Prevalence of Growth Plate Gene Variants in Children With Familial Short Stature Treated With GH. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2019 | volume= 104 | issue= 10 | pages= 4273-4281 | pmid=30753492 | doi=10.1210/jc.2018-02288 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30753492  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24536087">{{cite journal| author=Flechtner I, Lambot-Juhan K, Teissier R, Colmenares A, Baujat G, Beltrand J | display-authors=etal| title=Unexpected high frequency of skeletal dysplasia in idiopathic short stature and small for gestational age patients. | journal=Eur J Endocrinol | year= 2014 | volume= 170 | issue= 5 | pages= 677-84 | pmid=24536087 | doi=10.1530/EJE-13-0864 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24536087  }}</ref>
[[Skeletal dysplasia]]<nowiki/>s/[[growth plate]] abnormalities<ref name="pmid27245183">{{cite journal| author=de Bruin C, Finlayson C, Funari MF, Vasques GA, Lucheze Freire B, Lerario AM | display-authors=etal| title=Two Patients with Severe Short Stature due to a FBN1 Mutation (p.Ala1728Val) with a Mild Form of Acromicric Dysplasia. | journal=Horm Res Paediatr | year= 2016 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 342-348 | pmid=27245183 | doi=10.1159/000446476 | pmc=5135661 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27245183  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29155992">{{cite journal| author=Vasques GA, Funari MFA, Ferreira FM, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Barraza-García J | display-authors=etal| title=IHH Gene Mutations Causing Short Stature With Nonspecific Skeletal Abnormalities and Response to Growth Hormone Therapy. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2018 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 604-614 | pmid=29155992 | doi=10.1210/jc.2017-02026 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29155992  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31960617">{{cite journal| author=Hwang IT, Mizuno Y, Amano N, Lee HJ, Shim YS, Nam HK | display-authors=etal| title=Role of NPR2 mutation in idiopathic short stature: Identification of two novel mutations. | journal=Mol Genet Genomic Med | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= e1146 | pmid=31960617 | doi=10.1002/mgg3.1146 | pmc=7057090 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31960617  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27870580">{{cite journal| author=Gkourogianni A, Andrew M, Tyzinski L, Crocker M, Douglas J, Dunbar N | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical Characterization of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Short Stature due to Aggrecan Mutations. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2017 | volume= 102 | issue= 2 | pages= 460-469 | pmid=27870580 | doi=10.1210/jc.2016-3313 | pmc=5413162 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27870580  }}</ref><ref name="pmid30753492">{{cite journal| author=Plachy L, Strakova V, Elblova L, Obermannova B, Kolouskova S, Snajderova M | display-authors=etal| title=High Prevalence of Growth Plate Gene Variants in Children With Familial Short Stature Treated With GH. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2019 | volume= 104 | issue= 10 | pages= 4273-4281 | pmid=30753492 | doi=10.1210/jc.2018-02288 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30753492  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24536087">{{cite journal| author=Flechtner I, Lambot-Juhan K, Teissier R, Colmenares A, Baujat G, Beltrand J | display-authors=etal| title=Unexpected high frequency of skeletal dysplasia in idiopathic short stature and small for gestational age patients. | journal=Eur J Endocrinol | year= 2014 | volume= 170 | issue= 5 | pages= 677-84 | pmid=24536087 | doi=10.1530/EJE-13-0864 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24536087  }}</ref>

Revision as of 07:56, 2 March 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Systemic disorders with secondary effects on growth[1][2][3]:

  • Undernutrition [4]

Endocrine causes[27] of growth failure

Sexual precocity[31][32][33]

Genetic diseases with primary effects on growth[35],

Turner syndrome,

short stature homeobox gene (SHOX gene) variants[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44],

Prader-Willi syndrome[45][46][47][48][49],

Noonan syndrome[50],

Silver-Russell syndrome[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] [62],

Skeletal dysplasias/growth plate abnormalities[63][64][65][66][67][68]

pathologic short stature[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
Diagnosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. ↑ Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV (2010). "A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects". J Pediatr. 157 (4): 635–40, 640.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.025. PMC 2943875. PMID 20605163.
  2. ↑ Swanson JM, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Wigal T, Arnold LE, Vitiello B; et al. (2007). "Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46 (8): 1015–1027. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e. PMID 17667480.
  3. ↑ Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ (2008). "Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 47 (9): 994–1009. doi:10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eOea7. PMID 18580502.
  4. ↑ Lifshitz F, Moses N (1988). "Nutritional dwarfing: growth, dieting, and fear of obesity". J Am Coll Nutr. 7 (5): 367–76. doi:10.1080/07315724.1988.10720254. PMID 3053861.
  5. ↑ Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW; et al. (2000). "Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis". N Engl J Med. 342 (12): 851–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003233421204. PMID 10727589.
  6. ↑ Doull IJ, Freezer NJ, Holgate ST (1995). "Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151 (6): 1715–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512. PMID 7767512.
  7. ↑ Wolthers OD, Pedersen S (1991). "Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial". BMJ. 303 (6795): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163. PMC 1670402. PMID 1878641.
  8. ↑ Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C (2003). "Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency". J Pediatr. 143 (3): 402–5. doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00294-4. PMID 14517528.
  9. ↑ Allen DB, Julius JR, Breen TJ, Attie KM (1998). "Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression with growth hormone. National Cooperative Growth Study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83 (8): 2824–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5036. PMID 9709954.
  10. ↑ Allen DB (1996). "Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25 (3): 699–717. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70348-0. PMID 8879994.
  11. ↑ Hernández M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervás F; et al. (1992). "Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease". Horm Res. 38 Suppl 1: 79–84. doi:10.1159/000182576. PMID 1284243.
  12. ↑ Vasseur F, Gower-Rousseau C, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas JL, Merle V, Merlin B; et al. (2010). "Nutritional status and growth in pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based study". Am J Gastroenterol. 105 (8): 1893–900. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.20. PMID 20145606.
  13. ↑ Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK (2003). "Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland". Arch Dis Child. 88 (11): 995–1000. doi:10.1136/adc.88.11.995. PMC 1719349. PMID 14612366.
  14. ↑ Sanderson IR (2014). "Growth problems in children with IBD". Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11 (10): 601–10. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.102. PMID 24957008.
  15. ↑ Bechtold S, Roth J (2009). "Natural history of growth and body composition in juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Horm Res. 72 Suppl 1: 13–9. doi:10.1159/000229758. PMID 19940490.
  16. ↑ Polito C, Strano CG, Olivieri AN, Alessio M, Iammarrone CS, Todisco N; et al. (1997). "Growth retardation in non-steroid treated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Scand J Rheumatol. 26 (2): 99–103. doi:10.3109/03009749709115826. PMID 9137323.
  17. ↑ de Zegher F, Reynaert N, De Somer L, Wouters C, Roelants M (2018). "Growth Failure in Children with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Prolonged Inflammation despite Treatment with Biologicals: Late Normalization of Height by Combined Hormonal Therapies". Horm Res Paediatr. 90 (5): 337–343. doi:10.1159/000489778. PMID 29940586.
  18. ↑ McSherry E, Morris RC (1978). "Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis". J Clin Invest. 61 (2): 509–27. doi:10.1172/JCI108962. PMC 372562. PMID 621287.
  19. ↑ Nandagopal R, Laverdière C, Mulrooney D, Hudson MM, Meacham L (2008). "Endocrine late effects of childhood cancer therapy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group". Horm Res. 69 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1159/000111809. PMID 18059086.
  20. ↑ Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA (1988). "Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Lancet. 1 (8583): 460–2. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91246-9. PMID 2893877.
  21. ↑ Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B (1991). "Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. I. Birth to 8 years of age". Acta Paediatr Scand. 80 (5): 508–14. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x. PMID 1872173.
  22. ↑ Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF (1992). "Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome". Eur J Clin Nutr. 46 (7): 457–64. PMID 1623850.
  23. ↑ McKinney RE, Robertson JW (1993). "Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the growth of young children. Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit". J Pediatr. 123 (4): 579–82. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80955-2. PMID 8410511.
  24. ↑ Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J; et al. (2012). "Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes". J Pediatr. 160 (6): 900–3.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.007. PMID 22244464.
  25. ↑ Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD (1991). "Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome". Metabolism. 40 (10): 1106–11. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90138-m. PMID 1719338.
  26. ↑ Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD (1993). "Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus". Diabetes Care. 16 Suppl 3: 101–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.3.101. PMID 8299467.
  27. ↑ Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL; et al. (1995). "Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80 (5): 1532–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145. PMID 7538145.
  28. ↑ Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB; et al. (1994). "Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy". N Engl J Med. 331 (10): 629–36. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409083311002. PMID 8052272.
  29. ↑ Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA, Sheehan JP, Asthagiri AR, Oskouian RJ; et al. (2005). "Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease". J Neurosurg. 103 (5 Suppl): 413–20. doi:10.3171/ped.2005.103.5.0413. PMID 16302612.
  30. ↑ Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, Rezajooi K, Ellamushi H, Grossman AB; et al. (2005). "Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center". Neurosurgery. 57 (2): 281–5, discussion 281-5. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000166580.94215.53. PMID 16094156.
  31. ↑ Rogol AD (2001). "Early menarche and adult height: reprise of the hare and the tortoise?". J Pediatr. 138 (5): 617–8. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114697. PMID 11343032 PMID 11343032 Check |pmid= value (help).
  32. ↑ Biro FM, McMahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA; et al. (2001). "Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study". J Pediatr. 138 (5): 636–43. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.114476. PMID 11343036.
  33. ↑ Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG; et al. (1997). "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network". Pediatrics. 99 (4): 505–12. doi:10.1542/peds.99.4.505. PMID 9093289.
  34. ↑ Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, Frasier SD, Hasegawa Y, Hintz RL; et al. (1995). "Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80 (5): 1532–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.5.7538145. PMID 7538145.
  35. ↑ Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM (1990). "Clinical review 14: Pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 71 (4): 785–9. doi:10.1210/jcem-71-4-785. PMID 2205623.
  36. ↑ Blum WF, Crowe BJ, Quigley CA, Jung H, Cao D, Ross JL; et al. (2007). "Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92 (1): 219–28. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1409. PMID 17047016.
  37. ↑ Binder G, Schwarze CP, Ranke MB (2000). "Identification of short stature caused by SHOX defects and therapeutic effect of recombinant human growth hormone". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (1): 245–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.1.6375. PMID 10634394.
  38. ↑ Munns CF, Glass IA, Flanagan S, Hayes M, Williams B, Berry M; et al. (2003). "Familial growth and skeletal features associated with SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 16 (7): 987–96. doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.987. PMID 14513875.
  39. ↑ Munns CF, Berry M, Vickers D, Rappold GA, Hyland VJ, Glass IA; et al. (2003). "Effect of 24 months of recombinant growth hormone on height and body proportions in SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 16 (7): 997–1004. doi:10.1515/jpem.2003.16.7.997. PMID 14513876.
  40. ↑ Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron Robey P, Laig-Webster M, Chiong W (1997). "PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (8): 1341–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.8.1341. PMID 9259282.
  41. ↑ Cormier-Daire V, Belin V, Cusin V, Viot G, Girlich D, Toutain A; et al. (1999). "SHOX gene mutations and deletions in dyschondrosteosis or Leri-Weill syndrome". Acta Paediatr Suppl. 88 (433): 55–9. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14404.x. PMID 10626546.
  42. ↑ Franklin SL, Geffner ME (2009). "Growth hormone: the expansion of available products and indications". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 38 (3): 587–611. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.006. PMID 19717006.
  43. ↑ Binder G, Renz A, Martinez A, Keselman A, Hesse V, Riedl SW; et al. (2004). "SHOX haploinsufficiency and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis: prevalence and growth failure in relation to mutation, sex, and degree of wrist deformity". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89 (9): 4403–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0591. PMID 15356038.
  44. ↑ Rappold G, Blum WF, Shavrikova EP, Crowe BJ, Roeth R, Quigley CA; et al. (2007). "Genotypes and phenotypes in children with short stature: clinical indicators of SHOX haploinsufficiency". J Med Genet. 44 (5): 306–13. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.046581. PMC 2597980. PMID 17182655.
  45. ↑ Holm VA, Cassidy SB, Butler MG, Hanchett JM, Greenswag LR, Whitman BY; et al. (1993). "Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria". Pediatrics. 91 (2): 398–402. PMC 6714046 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 8424017.
  46. ↑ Cassidy SB (1987). "Prader-Willi syndrome. Characteristics, management, and etiology". Ala J Med Sci. 24 (2): 169–75. PMID 3578708.
  47. ↑ Butler MG, Kaler SG, Yu PL, Meaney FJ (1982). "Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Prader-Willi syndrome". Clin Genet. 22 (6): 315–20. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1982.tb01846.x. PMC 6218245. PMID 7160103.
  48. ↑ Amos-Landgraf JM, Ji Y, Gottlieb W, Depinet T, Wandstrat AE, Cassidy SB; et al. (1999). "Chromosome breakage in the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes involves recombination between large, transcribed repeats at proximal and distal breakpoints". Am J Hum Genet. 65 (2): 370–86. doi:10.1086/302510. PMC 1377936. PMID 10417280.
  49. ↑ Hamilton CR, Scully RE, Kliman B (1972). "Hypogonadotropinism in Prader-Willi syndrome. Induction of puberty and sperm altogenesis by clomiphene citrate". Am J Med. 52 (3): 322–9. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(72)90019-8. PMID 5011391 : 5011391 Check |pmid= value (help).
  50. ↑ Kruszka P, Porras AR, Addissie YA, Moresco A, Medrano S, Mok GTK; et al. (2017). "Noonan syndrome in diverse populations". Am J Med Genet A. 173 (9): 2323–2334. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38362. PMC 5710841. PMID 28748642.
  51. ↑ Binder G, Seidel AK, Martin DD, Schweizer R, Schwarze CP, Wollmann HA; et al. (2008). "The endocrine phenotype in silver-russell syndrome is defined by the underlying epigenetic alteration". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 (4): 1402–7. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1897. PMID 18230663.
  52. ↑ Wollmann HA, Kirchner T, Enders H, Preece MA, Ranke MB (1995). "Growth and symptoms in Silver-Russell syndrome: review on the basis of 386 patients". Eur J Pediatr. 154 (12): 958–68. doi:10.1007/BF01958638. PMID 8801103.
  53. ↑ Binder G, Liebl M, Woelfle J, Eggermann T, Blumenstock G, Schweizer R (2013). "Adult height and epigenotype in children with Silver-Russell syndrome treated with GH". Horm Res Paediatr. 80 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1159/000354658. PMID 24051620.
  54. ↑ Ranke MB, Lindberg A, KIGS International Board (2010). "Height at start, first-year growth response and cause of shortness at birth are major determinants of adult height outcomes of short children born small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome treated with growth hormone: analysis of data from KIGS". Horm Res Paediatr. 74 (4): 259–66. doi:10.1159/000289570. PMID 20431273.
  55. ↑ Begemann M, Zirn B, Santen G, Wirthgen E, Soellner L, Büttel HM; et al. (2015). "Paternally Inherited IGF2 Mutation and Growth Restriction". N Engl J Med. 373 (4): 349–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1415227. PMID 26154720.
  56. ↑ Butler MG (2009). "Genomic imprinting disorders in humans: a mini-review". J Assist Reprod Genet. 26 (9–10): 477–86. doi:10.1007/s10815-009-9353-3. PMC 2788689. PMID 19844787.
  57. ↑ Patti G, De Mori L, Tortora D, Severino M, Calevo M, Russo S; et al. (2020). "Cognitive Profiles and Brain Volume Are Affected in Patients with Silver-Russell Syndrome". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105 (4). doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz151. PMID 31665337.
  58. ↑ Giabicani É, Boulé M, Aubertin G, Galliani E, Brioude F, Dubern B; et al. (2019). "Sleep disordered breathing in Silver-Russell syndrome patients: a new outcome". Sleep Med. 64: 23–29. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.020. PMID 31655321.
  59. ↑ Wakeling EL (2011). "Silver-Russell syndrome". Arch Dis Child. 96 (12): 1156–61. doi:10.1136/adc.2010.190165. PMID 21349887.
  60. ↑ Eggermann T, Gonzalez D, Spengler S, Arslan-Kirchner M, Binder G, Schönherr N (2009). "Broad clinical spectrum in Silver-Russell syndrome and consequences for genetic testing in growth retardation". Pediatrics. 123 (5): e929–31. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3228. PMID 19364767.
  61. ↑ Price SM, Stanhope R, Garrett C, Preece MA, Trembath RC (1999). "The spectrum of Silver-Russell syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic study and new diagnostic criteria". J Med Genet. 36 (11): 837–42. PMC 1734267. PMID 10544228.
  62. ↑ Toumba M, Albanese A, Azcona C, Stanhope R (2010). "Effect of long-term growth hormone treatment on final height of children with Russell-Silver syndrome". Horm Res Paediatr. 74 (3): 212–7. doi:10.1159/000295924. PMID 20424422.
  63. ↑ de Bruin C, Finlayson C, Funari MF, Vasques GA, Lucheze Freire B, Lerario AM; et al. (2016). "Two Patients with Severe Short Stature due to a FBN1 Mutation (p.Ala1728Val) with a Mild Form of Acromicric Dysplasia". Horm Res Paediatr. 86 (5): 342–348. doi:10.1159/000446476. PMC 5135661. PMID 27245183.
  64. ↑ Vasques GA, Funari MFA, Ferreira FM, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Barraza-García J; et al. (2018). "IHH Gene Mutations Causing Short Stature With Nonspecific Skeletal Abnormalities and Response to Growth Hormone Therapy". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103 (2): 604–614. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02026. PMID 29155992.
  65. ↑ Hwang IT, Mizuno Y, Amano N, Lee HJ, Shim YS, Nam HK; et al. (2020). "Role of NPR2 mutation in idiopathic short stature: Identification of two novel mutations". Mol Genet Genomic Med. 8 (3): e1146. doi:10.1002/mgg3.1146. PMC 7057090 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31960617.
  66. ↑ Gkourogianni A, Andrew M, Tyzinski L, Crocker M, Douglas J, Dunbar N; et al. (2017). "Clinical Characterization of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Short Stature due to Aggrecan Mutations". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 102 (2): 460–469. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3313. PMC 5413162. PMID 27870580.
  67. ↑ Plachy L, Strakova V, Elblova L, Obermannova B, Kolouskova S, Snajderova M; et al. (2019). "High Prevalence of Growth Plate Gene Variants in Children With Familial Short Stature Treated With GH". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104 (10): 4273–4281. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02288. PMID 30753492.
  68. ↑ Flechtner I, Lambot-Juhan K, Teissier R, Colmenares A, Baujat G, Beltrand J; et al. (2014). "Unexpected high frequency of skeletal dysplasia in idiopathic short stature and small for gestational age patients". Eur J Endocrinol. 170 (5): 677–84. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-0864. PMID 24536087.
  69. ↑ Cohen P, Rogol AD, Deal CL, Saenger P, Reiter EO, Ross JL; et al. (2008). "Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 (11): 4210–7. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0509. PMID 18782877.
  70. ↑ Wit JM, Clayton PE, Rogol AD, Savage MO, Saenger PH, Cohen P (2008). "Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation". Growth Horm IGF Res. 18 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.11.004. PMID 18182313.
  71. ↑ Wit JM, Clayton PE, Rogol AD, Savage MO, Saenger PH, Cohen P (2008). "Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation". Growth Horm IGF Res. 18 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.11.004. PMID 18182313.
  72. ↑ Cuttler L, Marinova D, Mercer MB, Connors A, Meehan R, Silvers JB (2009). "Patient, physician, and consumer drivers: referrals for short stature and access to specialty drugs". Med Care. 47 (8): 858–65. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31819e1f04. PMID 19543124.
  73. ↑ Ouni M, Castell AL, Rothenbuhler A, Linglart A, Bougnères P (2016). "Higher methylation of the IGF1 P2 promoter is associated with idiopathic short stature". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 84 (2): 216–221. doi:10.1111/cen.12867. PMID 26218795.
  74. ↑ Hauer NN, Popp B, Schoeller E, Schuhmann S, Heath KE, Hisado-Oliva A; et al. (2018). "Clinical relevance of systematic phenotyping and exome sequencing in patients with short stature". Genet Med. 20 (6): 630–638. doi:10.1038/gim.2017.159. PMC 5993671. PMID 29758562.
  75. ↑ Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S; et al. (2014). "Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height". Nat Genet. 46 (11): 1173–86. doi:10.1038/ng.3097. PMC 4250049. PMID 25282103.
  76. ↑ Freire BL, Homma TK, Funari MFA, Lerario AM, Vasques GA, Malaquias AC; et al. (2019). "Multigene Sequencing Analysis of Children Born Small for Gestational Age With Isolated Short Stature". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104 (6): 2023–2030. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01971. PMID 30602027.


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Short_stature_resident_survival_guide&oldid=1692684"