Diabetic foot risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[diabetic foot]] include:<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J | display-authors=etal| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi=10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12755240">{{cite journal| author=Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, McLigeyo SO| title=Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. | journal=East Afr Med J | year= 2003 | volume= 80 | issue= 1 | pages= 36-43 | pmid=12755240 | doi=10.4314/eamj.v80i1.8664 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12755240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22981100">{{cite journal| author=Formosa C, Gatt A, Chockalingam N| title=Diabetic foot complications in Malta: prevalence of risk factors. | journal=Foot (Edinb) | year= 2012 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 294-7 | pmid=22981100 | doi=10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22981100 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10388963">{{cite journal| author=Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG| title=A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1999 | volume= 22 | issue= 7 | pages= 1036-42 | pmid=10388963 | doi=10.2337/diacare.22.7.1036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10388963 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9448554">{{cite journal| author=Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG| title=Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-62 | pmid=9448554 | doi=10.1001/archinte.158.2.157 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9448554 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24293979">{{cite journal| author=Elsharawy MA, Hassan K, Alawad N, Kredees A, Almulhim A| title=Screening of diabetic foot in surgical inpatients: a hospital-based study in saudi arabia. | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-6 | pmid=24293979 | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1330230 | pmc=3578612 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24293979 }} </ref> | *Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[diabetic foot]] include:<ref name="pmid24355275">{{cite journal| author=Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG | display-authors=etal| title=Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 1.e1-18; quiz 19-20 | pmid=24355275 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24355275 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12027925">{{cite journal| author=Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J | display-authors=etal| title=The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. | journal=Diabet Med | year= 2002 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 377-84 | pmid=12027925 | doi=10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12027925 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12755240">{{cite journal| author=Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, McLigeyo SO| title=Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. | journal=East Afr Med J | year= 2003 | volume= 80 | issue= 1 | pages= 36-43 | pmid=12755240 | doi=10.4314/eamj.v80i1.8664 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12755240 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22981100">{{cite journal| author=Formosa C, Gatt A, Chockalingam N| title=Diabetic foot complications in Malta: prevalence of risk factors. | journal=Foot (Edinb) | year= 2012 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 294-7 | pmid=22981100 | doi=10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22981100 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10388963">{{cite journal| author=Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG| title=A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1999 | volume= 22 | issue= 7 | pages= 1036-42 | pmid=10388963 | doi=10.2337/diacare.22.7.1036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10388963 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9448554">{{cite journal| author=Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG| title=Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 2 | pages= 157-62 | pmid=9448554 | doi=10.1001/archinte.158.2.157 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9448554 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24293979">{{cite journal| author=Elsharawy MA, Hassan K, Alawad N, Kredees A, Almulhim A| title=Screening of diabetic foot in surgical inpatients: a hospital-based study in saudi arabia. | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2012 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 213-6 | pmid=24293979 | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1330230 | pmc=3578612 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24293979 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25685277">{{cite journal| author=Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S| title=Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer. | journal=World J Diabetes | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-53 | pmid=25685277 | doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37 | pmc=4317316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25685277 }} </ref> | ||
**Poorly controlled [[diabetes mellitus]] (poor [[blood sugar|glycaemic]] control) | **Poorly controlled [[diabetes mellitus]] (poor [[blood sugar|glycaemic]] control) | ||
**Prolonged [[diabetes mellitus]] | **Prolonged [[diabetes mellitus]] | ||
**Poor [[foot]] care | **Poor [[foot]] care | ||
**[[Male]] gender | |||
**Previous history of [[foot]] [[ulcer]] | **Previous history of [[foot]] [[ulcer]] | ||
**[[Foot]] [[deformity|deformities]] | **[[Foot]] [[deformity|deformities]] | ||
Revision as of 15:42, 27 June 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Overview
There are numerous risk factors for diabetic foot development in a diabetic patient, such as poor glycaemic control, poor foot care, foot deformities, peripheral arterial disease, peripheral neuropathy, history of previous foot ulcer or amputation, infection, diastolic hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of diabetic foot include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (poor glycaemic control)
- Prolonged diabetes mellitus
- Poor foot care
- Male gender
- Previous history of foot ulcer
- Foot deformities
- Peripheral arterial disease
- High plantar pressure
- Peripheral neuropathy
- History of previous amputation
- Infection
- Inappropriate footwears
- Diastolic hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- High body mass index (BMI)
References
- ↑ Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Mayer D, Goodman L, Botros M, Armstrong DG; et al. (2014). "Diabetic foot ulcers: Part I. Pathophysiology and prevention". J Am Acad Dermatol. 70 (1): 1.e1–18, quiz 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.055. PMID 24355275.
- ↑ Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J; et al. (2002). "The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort". Diabet Med. 19 (5): 377–84. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x. PMID 12027925.
- ↑ Nyamu PN, Otieno CF, Amayo EO, McLigeyo SO (2003). "Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi". East Afr Med J. 80 (1): 36–43. doi:10.4314/eamj.v80i1.8664. PMID 12755240.
- ↑ Formosa C, Gatt A, Chockalingam N (2012). "Diabetic foot complications in Malta: prevalence of risk factors". Foot (Edinb). 22 (4): 294–7. doi:10.1016/j.foot.2012.08.008. PMID 22981100.
- ↑ Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG (1999). "A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study". Diabetes Care. 22 (7): 1036–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.7.1036. PMID 10388963.
- ↑ Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Vela SA, Quebedeaux TL, Fleischli JG (1998). "Practical criteria for screening patients at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration". Arch Intern Med. 158 (2): 157–62. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.2.157. PMID 9448554.
- ↑ Elsharawy MA, Hassan K, Alawad N, Kredees A, Almulhim A (2012). "Screening of diabetic foot in surgical inpatients: a hospital-based study in saudi arabia". Int J Angiol. 21 (4): 213–6. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1330230. PMC 3578612. PMID 24293979.
- ↑ Yazdanpanah L, Nasiri M, Adarvishi S (2015). "Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer". World J Diabetes. 6 (1): 37–53. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.37. PMC 4317316. PMID 25685277.