Tuberculosis medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2]; Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3]; Ammu Susheela, M.D. [4]; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [5]

Overview

The treatment of tuberculosis with anti-TB drugs is divided mainly into two phases; the initiation phase and maintenance phase. If there is a high likelihood of infection, start anti-TB treatment the patient even if the AFB stain is negative, while waiting for the culture results. The patient should come back in few weeks. Patients usually feel better a few weeks post-treatment. Patients have to be monitored for side effects and treatment failure. In addition, all TB cases are tested for drug resistance in the U.S.

Deciding To Initiate Treatment

• The decision to initiate combination anti-tuberculous therapy is made according to the following:

• Epidemiological information
• Clinical evidence
• Pathological
• Radiographic findings
• Microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB)--stained sputum (smears) and cultures for mycobacteria
• Positive PPD-tuberculin skin test

Factors to be considered in deciding to initiate treatment empirically for active tuberculosis (TB) ( prior to microbiologic confirmation)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis

Groups	Drugs
Group 1: First-line oral drugs	Isoniazid Rifampicin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Rifabutin
Group 2: Injectable drugs	Kanamycin Amikacin Capreomycin Streptomycin
Group 3: Fluoroquinolones	Levofloxacin Moxifloxacin Ofloxacin
Group 4: Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs	Para-aminosalicylic acid Cycloserine Terizidone Ethionamide Protionamide
Group 5: Agents with unclear role in treatment of drug resistant-TB	Clofazimine Linezolid Amoxicillin/clavulanate Thioacetazone Imipenem/cilastatin High-dose isoniazid Clarithromycin Pretomanid
Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed.

Standard Treatment Regimens

Empirical Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy

• In developing endemic countries and in cases with high clinical suspicion of tuberculous pericarditis, it is recommended to start with empiric antituberculous treatment before establishing a definitive diagnosis. In the clinical settings where the diagnosis cannot be confirmed according to bacteriology, histology, or pericardial fluid analysis, clinical response to antituberculous treatment can be suggestive of a diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis.
• In developed countries where TB is not endemic, antituberculous treatment should not be started empirically without a definitive diagnosis.

Standard Regimens for New Patients

Adults   ▸  Preferred regimen   ▸  Alternate regimen 1   ▸  Alternate regimen 2 Children   ▸  Preferred regimen

Preferred Regimen - Adults Intensive phase (Administer each drug daily for 8 weeks) ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) Continuation phase (Administer each drug for 18 weeks) ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg daily PO (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg daily PO (10 mg/kg/day) OR ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) Alternate Regimen 1 - Adults Intensive phase ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day) FOLLOWED BY ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks PLUS ▸Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day) Continuation phase ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) Alternate Regimen 2 - Adults 'Intensive phase ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day P.O thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day) Continuation phase ▸ Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) Preferred Regimen-Children Intensive phase (Administer each drug daily for 8 weeks) ▸ Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day) PLUS ▸ Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Max: 2 g/day) PLUS ▸ Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Max: 1.6 g/day) Continuation phase (Administer each drug daily for 18 weeks) ▸ Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Max: 300 mg/day) PLUS ▸ Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Max: 600 mg/day ) Table adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed.

Standard Regimens for Previously Treated Patients

The previously treated patients should receive the 8-months regimen with first-line drugs.

Standard regimens for previously treated patients Rapid molecular-based method ▸ Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) results available in 1–2 days confirm or exclude MDR to guide the choice of regimen Conventional method ▸ High likelihood of MDR: Empirical MDR regimen ▸ Low likelihood of MDR: 2HRZES / HRZE / 5HRE (H = isoniazid, R= rifampicin, Z = pyrazinamide, E = ethambutol, S = streptomycin)† †Regimen should be modified once DST results are available up to 2–3 months after the start of treatment.

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment

The principles underlying the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis can also be applied to extrapulmonary disease. Increasing evidence, including randomized controlled trials, reports that 6–9 month isoniazid and rifampicin containing regimens are effective for most of extrapulmonary sites of disease.

Type of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis	Treatment
Lymph Node Tuberculosis	6-month regimen is adequate for initial treatment Therapeutic lymph node excision is not indicated Incision and drainage in case of cervical lymphadenitis (associated with prolonged wound discharge and scarring) Aspiration was reported to be useful (for large fluctuant lymph nodes that appear to be about to drain spontaneously)
Bone, Joint, and Spinal Tuberculosis	6 to 9-month regimens including rifampicin are at least as effective as 18-month regimens without rifampicin Surgery can be considered in No response to chemotherapy with evidence of ongoing infection and clinical deterioration Relief of cord compression in patients with recurrent or persistent neurologic deficits Instability of the spine No additional value of surgical debridement in addition to chemotherapy in comparison with chemotherapy alone for spinal tuberculosis Adjunctive corticosteroids can be used in case of spinal tuberculosis with evidence of tuberculous meningitis
Pericardial Tuberculosis	A 6-month regimen is adequate Adjunctive corticosteroids therapy is no longer recommended. However, selective use of [corticosteroids]] in patients who are at the highest risk for inflammatory complications may be possible in the following conditions: Large pericardial effusions, High levels of inflammatory markers
Pleural Tuberculosis	A standard 6-month regimen No evidence to suggest the routine use of adjunctive corticosteroids Tuberculous empyema (occurs when a cavity ruptures into the pleural space), management includes: Drainage (often requiring a surgical procedure) Antituberculous chemotherapy The optimal duration of therapy is not defined
Tuberculous Meningitis	Adult INH, PZA, RIF, and EMB in an initial 2-month phase. INH and RIF continued for another 7–10 months Children Initial 4-drug regimen of INH, RIF, PZA, and ethionamide or an aminoglycoside for 2 month, followed by 7–10 months of INH and RIF Optimal duration of chemotherapy is not defined Lumbar punctures may be performed to monitor changes in the cerebrospinal fluid cell during the treatment course Adjunctive corticosteroids is tapered over 6–8 weeks
Disseminated Tuberculosis (miliary tuberculosis)	Standard daily 6-month regimen is adequate The role of adjunct corticosteroid treatment in patients with miliary tuberculosis has not been established
Genitourinary Tuberculosis	Standard daily 6-month regimen is adequate In cases of Ureteral obstruction Procedures to relieve the obstruction are indicated. In cases of hydronephrosis and renal failure due to obstruction Renal drainage by stenting or nephrostomy is advised In cases of poorly functioning or nonfunctioning kidney (especially if hypertension or continuous flank pain is present) Nephrectomy is considered In cases of large tubo-ovarian abscesses Surgery may be indicated
Abdominal Tuberculosis	Standard daily 6-month regimen is adequate Adjunctive corticosteroids therapy is not recommended

Monitoring during treatment

Directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy

5 components of DOTS strategy
Government committed to sustained TB control and activities
Case detection by sputum smear microscopy among symptomatic patients self reporting to health services
Standardized treatment, with supervision and patient support
An effective drug supply and management system
Monitoring and evaluation system, and impact measurement

Monitoring the Patients and Baseline Evaluations

• Tuberculosis patients should have the following:

• Microscopic examination of sputum specimens and culture. It is recommended to obtain three sputum specimens. Induction of sputum with hypertonic saline may be required to obtain specimens and bronchoscopy is considered for certain patients who are unable to produce sputum, according to the clinical evaluation.
• Drug susceptibility testing for INH, RIF, and EMB should be done once the initial positive culture is obtained, regardless of the source of the specimen. Second-line drug susceptibility testing should be performed only in reference laboratories and only for specimens from those patients who had previous treatment, who are contacts of patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, who have shown resistance to rifampin or to other first-line drugs, or who have positive cultures after more than 3 months of therapy.
• Counseling and testing for HIV infection is important. In patients with HIV infection, a CD4+ lymphocyte count should be ordered. In Patients with risk factors for hepatitis B or C viruses (e.g., injection drug use, HIV infection) serologic tests for these viruses should be performed.
• Baseline measurements of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and serum creatinine and a platelet count should be performed.
• If a patient is treated with EMB, visual acuity and red-green color discrimination should be tested.

• During and following pulmonary tuberculosis therapy, the following should be performed:

• Microscopic examination of a sputum specimen and culture should be performed at a minimum of monthly intervals until two consecutive specimens are negative on culture.
• AFB smear can assess the early response to TB therapy and inform of the infectiousness of the patient
• In case of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, the frequency and types of evaluations will be based on the site involved.
• At least monthly clinical evaluation to detect possible side effects of the antituberculosis medications and to assess compliance.
• Patients do not need follow-up after completion of treatment but should be instructed to seek medical care promptly in case of recurrence of signs or symptoms.
• Routine measurements of hepatic and renal function and platelet count are not indicated during the course of treatment unless patients have abnormal baseline measurements or are at high risk of hepatotoxicity (e.g., hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcoholics).
• Patients who are hepatitis virus carriers, have a past history of acute hepatitis, or current excessive alcohol consumption can be given the usual TB treatment regimens unless there is clinical evidence of chronic liver disease. However, hepatotoxic adverse effects of anti-TB drugs may be more common among these patients, so regular follow-up is highly recommended.

Assessment of Treatment Response in New and Previously Treated Pulmonary TB

Definition of Treatment Response^₳

Outcome	Definition
Cure	A patient with positive sputum smear/positive culture at the beginning of the therapy that are converted into smear-negative/culture-negative in the last month of therapy and on at least one previous occasion.
Treatment completed	A patient who completed treatment but who does not have a negative sputum smear or culture result in the last month of therapy and on at least one previous occasionb ( Two consecutive negative specimens )
Treatment failure	A patient with positive sputum smear or culture at 5 months or later during treatment course or has a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain at any point of time during the course of treatment, whether they are smear-positive or smear-negative.
Died	A patient who dies for any cause during the treatment course.
Default	A patient whose course of treatment was interrupted for ≥ 2 months.
Transfer out	A patient who was transferred to another recording and reporting unit and whose outcome of treatment is unknown.
Treatment success	A sum of cured and completed treatmentc
A: These definitions can be applied to both pulmonary smear-positive and smear-negative patients, and also to patients with extrapulmonary disease. b: The sputum examination may not have been performed or the results may not be available. c: For smear- or culture-positive patients only.

Identification and Management of Patients at Increased Risk of Treatment Failure and Relapse

• Approximately 80% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible organisms who are started on standard four-drug therapy will have negative sputum cultures at this time. Patients with positive cultures after 2 months of treatment should undergo a careful evaluation to determine the cause.
• The risk factors for adverse outcomes (treatment failure or relapse) include:

• The initial chest X-ray showed cavitation in addition to having a positive sputum culture at the time of the initial phase.
• Nonadherence to prescribed drugs (particularly for patients not receiving DOT)
• Extensive cavitary disease at the time of diagnosis
• Drug resistance (especially for patients receiving DOT)
• Malabsorption of drugs
• Laboratory error
• Biological variation in response

Prevention of Adverse Effects of Drugs

Isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy manifests as:

• Numbness
• Tingling or burning of the hands or feet
• This adverse effect is commonly occur in pregnant women in addition to the following conditions: diabetes, HIV infection, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, malnutrition, or alcohol abuse.

• Adding Pyridoxine is recommended as a preventive treatment (10 mg/day with anti-TB drugs). Other guidelines recommend 25 mg/day.

Symptom-Based Approach for Side-Effects of Anti-tuberculous Drugs

The Role of Drug-Susceptibility Testing (DST)

• Initial Phase:

• Ideally, DST is performed for all TB patients at the initiation of treatment to determine most appropriate therapy for each patient. However, the target of universal access to DST has not yet been recognized for most of the worldwide TB patients. Although countries are increasing laboratory capacity and implementing new rapid tests, WHO recommends that sputum specimens for testing susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin be performed for the following patient groups at the start of treatment:

• All previously treated patients. The highest levels of MDR are detected in patients whose previous course of treatment has failed.
• All individuals living with HIV plus they are diagnosed with active TB, particularly if they live in areas of high MDR prevalence. It is necessary to detect MDR as soon as possible in patients living with HIV because of their high risk of mortality.

• Continuation Phase:

• If rapid molecular-based DST is available, the results of MDR can be confirmed or excluded within 1-2 days, hence it can guide the choice of treatment regimen.
• If DST is not available, the first-line drugs include 2HRZES/1HRZE/5HRE if country-specific data reports low or medium levels of MDR in its patients or if such data are not available
• When DST results become available, treatment regimens should be adjusted accordingly.

Recommendations For New Patients

• In new patients, if the specimen performed at the end of the intensive phase second month is smear-positive, sputum smear microscopy should be done at the end of the third month (strong/High grade of evidence).
• In new patients, if the specimen performed at the end of third month is smear-positive, sputum culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) should be done (strong/High grade of evidence)
• For smear-positive pulmonary TB patients treated with first-line drugs, sputum smear microscopy may be performed at the completion of the intensive phase of treatment (conditional/High or moderate grade of evidence).
• Sputum should be collected after the 1^st dose of the intensive phase treatment. The end of the intensive phase is defined as the end of the 2^nd month in new patients and the end of the 3^rd month in previously treated patients receiving the 8-month regimen of first-line agents. This recommendation also applies to smear-negative patients.
• Sputum specimens must be collected for smear examination at every follow-up sputum check. They must be collected without interrupting the treatment course and transported to the laboratory urgently.
• The status of sputum smear at the end of the intensive phase is a poor predictor of relapse. However, identification of a positive sputum smear is still an essential way of the patient assessment.
• The number of sputum smear-positive patients converted to negative at the end of the intensive phase is considered a good indicator of TB program performance.

Management of Treatment Interruption

Time Point of Interruption	Details of Interruption	Approach
During intensive phase	*Lapse is <14 d in duration	Lapse is <14 d in duration Continue treatment to complete planned total number of doses (as long as all doses are completed within 3 mo)
	Lapse is ≥14 d in duration	Restart treatment from the beginning
During continuation phase	Received ≥80% of doses and sputum was AFB smear negative on initial testing	Additional therapy may not be necessary
	*Received ≥80% of doses and sputum was AFB smear positive on initial testing	Continue the treatment until all doses are completed
	Received <80% of doses and accumulative lapse is <3 mo in duration	Continue therapy until all doses are completed (full course), unless consecutive lapse is >2 mo If treatment regimen cannot be completed within the recommended time frame, restart therapy (ie, restart intensive phase then the continuation phase)
	*Received <80% of doses and lapse is ≥3 mo in duration	Restart therapy with new intensive and continuation phases (ie, restart intensive phase then the continuation phase)

Managing Side-Effects of Anti-TB Drugs

Side-Effects Causative Drugs Management Severe Side-Effects Skin Rash With Or Without Itching Streptomycin, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide Stop anti-TB drugs Deafness (no wax on otoscopy) Streptomycin Stop anti-TB drugs Dizziness (vertigo and nystagmus) Streptomycin Stop anti-TB drugs Jaundice (other causes excluded), hepatitis Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide Stop anti-TB drugs Confusion/jaundice (drug-induced acute liver failure) Most anti-TB drugs Stop anti-TB drugs Visual impairment (other causes excluded) Ethambutol Stop anti-TB drugs Shock, purpura, acute renal failure Rifampicin Stop anti-TB drugs Decreased Urine Output Streptomycin Stop anti-TB drugs Minor Side-Effects Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide Give drugs with small meals or before bedtime, swallow pills slowly with small sips of water. If symptoms persist or worsen, or there is protracted vomiting or any sign of bleeding, consider the side-effect to be major and refer to clinician urgently. Joint pains Pyrazinamide Aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or paracetamol Burning, numbness or tingling sensation in the hands or feet Isoniazid Pyridoxine 50–75 mg daily Drowsiness Isoniazid Reassurance. Give drugs before bedtime Orange/red urine Rifampicin Reassurance, Patients should be told when starting treatment that this may happen and is normal Flu-like syndrome † Intermittent dosing of Rifampicin Change from intermittent to daily Rifampicin † Fever, chills, malaise, headache, bone pain

Treatment Failure

• Failure to respond to anti-TB drugs means;

• Smear or culture-positivity at the fifth month or later.
• Detection of MDR-TB at any point of therapy.

• Treatment failure necessitate to step-wise approach to identify the causes of failure which could be due to any of the following features

• Poor supervision of the initial phase
• Poor patient adherence
• Poor quality of anti-TB drugs
• Inappropriate doses of anti-TB drugs (below than recommended range)
• Slow resolution due to extensive cavitation and a heavy initial bacillary load
• Co-morbid conditions that interfere either with adherence or with response
• MDR M. tuberculosis with no response to the first-line treatment
• Non-viable bacteria remain visible by microscopy

Treatment Regimen

• 1. Standard regimens for new patients

• 1.1. Adult

• 1.1.1. Initial phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
• Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
• Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)

• 1.1.2 Continuation phase

• Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
• Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
• Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
• Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)

• 1.2 Pediatric

• 1.2.1 Initial phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks

• 1.2.2 Continuation phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks

• 2. RR-TB or MDR-TB Tuberculosis

• 2.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination

• Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg
• Agent 2: Levofloxacin 500-1000 mg OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg OR Gatifloxacin 400mg
• Agent 3: Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg
• Agent 4: [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg OR Clofazimine 100mg
• Agent 5: Bedaquiline 200-400mg OR Delamanid
• Agent 6: Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h OR Imipenem/Cilastatin 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} Meropenem 20-40mg/kg OR Amoxicillin clavulanate 500mg-125mg OR Thioacetazone 150mg
• Note: Pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
• Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five

• 2.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination

• Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg)
• Agent 2 (Group A): Levofloxacin 7.5-10mg/kg OR Moxifloxacin 7.5-10mg/kg OR Gatifloxacin 10 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg)
• Agent 3 (Group B): Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg
• Agent 4 (Group C): [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 1000 mg)OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Clofazimine 100mg
• Agent 5: (Group D3): Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h(Maximum: 12,000 mg) OR Imipenem/Cilastatin 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} Meropenem 20-40mg/kg OR Amoxicillin clavulanate 500mg-125mg OR Thioacetazone 50mg
• Note: Pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
• Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five

• 3. XDR Tuberculosis

• 3.1 Adult

• Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination

• Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
• Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 kg/mg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/day q8-12h
• Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg q12h OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

• 3.2 Pediatric

• Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination

• Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
• Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h
• Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg

Ocular tuberculosis

• 1. Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy

• 1. Adult patients

• 1.1 Intensive phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months

• 1.2 Continuation phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 4 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 4 months

• 2. Pediatric patients

• 2.1 Intensive phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10-15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10-20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol

• 2.2 Continuation phase

• Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10–15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 4 months AND Rifampin 10–20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 4 months

• Note (1): Ethambutol may be administered at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months but is generally avoided because of potential ocular toxicity.
• Note (2): A short course of systemic corticosteroids may be necessary initially if there is sight-threatening inflammation.

Contraindicated medications

Active tuberculosis is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

• BCG vaccine