Herpes simplex orofacial infection: Difference between revisions
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*[[Ultraviolet|UV radiations]] | *[[Ultraviolet|UV radiations]] | ||
*[[Genetic predisposition]] | *[[Genetic predisposition]] | ||
*[[Old age]] | *[[aging|Old age]] | ||
*[[male|Male gender]] | *[[male|Male gender]] | ||
*[[family history|Family]] or personal history of [[melanoma]] | *[[family history|Family]] or personal history of [[melanoma]] | ||
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*Presence of ABCD characteristics | *Presence of ABCD characteristics | ||
*[[Bleeding]] or [[ulceration]] may be related to [[malignancy]] | *[[Bleeding]] or [[ulceration]] may be related to [[malignancy]] | ||
*Serum [[LDH]] may be elevated in case of [[malignancy]] | *[[Serum]] [[LDH]] may be elevated in case of [[malignancy]] | ||
*[[Biopsy]] | *[[Biopsy]] | ||
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*[[Mouth]] | *[[Mouth]] | ||
*[[Sex organ|Genitals]] | *[[Sex organ|Genitals]] | ||
*[[Gastrointestinal tract | *[[Gastrointestinal tract]] | ||
*[[Eye]] | *[[Eye]] | ||
*[[Joints]] | *[[Joints]] | ||
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*[[Whites]] and [[European]] [[Jews]] | *[[Whites]] and [[European]] [[Jews]] | ||
*[[Hormonal contraception]] | *[[Hormonal contraception]] | ||
*Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods | *[[Diet (nutrition)|Diets]] high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods | ||
*Industrialized country | *Industrialized country | ||
| | | | ||
*Typical [[history]] and [[symptoms]] | *Typical [[history]] and [[symptoms]] | ||
*[[Skip lesions]] on [[biopsy]] | *[[Skip lesions]] on [[biopsy]] | ||
*[[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae | *[[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody|Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] ([[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody|ASCA]]) | ||
*[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic | *[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]) | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Eyes]] | *[[Eyes]] | ||
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*[[Fever]] or [[chills]] | *[[Fever]] or [[chills]] | ||
*Frequent [[infections]] | *Frequent [[infections]] | ||
*Unusual [[redness]], [[pain]], or [[swelling]] around a wound | *Unusual [[erythema|redness]], [[pain]], or [[swelling]] around a [[wound]] | ||
*Mouth [[ulcers]] | *Mouth [[ulcers]] | ||
*[[Abdominal pain]] | *[[Abdominal pain]] | ||
*[[Burning sensation when urinating]] | *[[dysuria|Burning sensation when urinating]] | ||
*[[Sore throat]] | *[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Medications]]<ref name="PMID17142169">{{cite journal |author=Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. |title=Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder. |journal=Eur J Intern Med. |volume=17|issue=8 |pages=529-35 |year=2006|pmid 17142169|doi=|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17142169}}</ref> | *[[Medications]]<ref name="PMID17142169">{{cite journal |author=Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. |title=Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder. |journal=Eur J Intern Med. |volume=17|issue=8 |pages=529-35 |year=2006|pmid 17142169|doi=|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17142169}}</ref> | ||
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*[[Autoimmune disorders]] | *[[Autoimmune disorders]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Neutropenia]] <100 cells per micro | *[[Neutropenia]] <100 cells per micro liter | ||
*[[Eosinopenia]] | *[[Eosinopenia]] | ||
*[[Basopenia]] | *[[Basopenia]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Oral cavity]] | *[[mouth|Oral cavity]] | ||
*[[Skin]] | *[[Skin]] | ||
*[[GIT]] | *[[Gastrointestinal tract|GIT]] | ||
*[[Urinary system]] | *[[Urinary system]] | ||
*[[Conjunctiva]] | *[[Conjunctiva]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromization]] | *[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromization]] | ||
*Types | *Types: | ||
**[[Drug-induced]] | **[[medication|Drug-induced]] | ||
**[[Malignant]] | **[[Malignant]] | ||
**[[Autoimmune]] | **[[Autoimmune]] | ||
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*Regional [[lymphadenopathy]] | *Regional [[lymphadenopathy]] | ||
| | | | ||
* | *Multiple sexual partners | ||
*Illicit [[drug use]] | *Illicit [[drug use]] | ||
*[[Unprotected sex]] | *[[Unprotected sex]] | ||
* | *Homosexual men | ||
*Residence in highly prevalent areas | *Residence in highly prevalent areas | ||
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection | *[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] [[infection]] | ||
*Presence of other [[ | *Presence of other [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s | ||
*Previous history of [[Sexually transmitted disease | *Previous history of [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s | ||
*[[Intravenous drug | *[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[drug]] use | ||
| | | | ||
*[[ | *[[Dark field microscopy]] | ||
*Non [[Treponema|treponemal]] tests like [[VDRL]] and [[RPR test]]) | *Non [[Treponema|treponemal]] tests like [[Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test|VDRL]] and [[Rapid plasma reagent|RPR test]]) | ||
*[[Treponema|Treponemal]] tests[[FTA-ABS|FTA-ABS tests]], | *[[Treponema|Treponemal]] tests, such as [[Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbtion (FTA-ABS) test|FTA-ABS tests]], [[Bejel laboratory findings|TPPA assay]], [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme immunoassays]], and [[Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence immunoassays]]) | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Oral cavity]] | *[[mouth|Oral cavity]] | ||
*[[Penis]] | *[[Penis]] | ||
*[[Cervix]] | *[[Cervix]] | ||
*[[Labia]] | *[[Labium|Labia]] | ||
*[[Anal canal]] | *[[Anal canal]] | ||
*[[Rectum ]] | *[[Rectum ]] | ||
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*[[Cardiovascular|CVS]] | *[[Cardiovascular|CVS]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Primary syphilis]] | *[[Syphilis|Primary syphilis]] | ||
**[[Chancre]] | **[[Chancre]] | ||
*[[Secondary syphilis]] | *[[Syphilis|Secondary syphilis]] | ||
**[[Condyloma latum|Condylomata lata]] | **[[Condyloma latum|Condylomata lata]] | ||
*[[Latent syphilis]] | *[[Latent syphilis]] | ||
**[[Asymptomatic]] | **[[Asymptomatic]] | ||
*[[Tertiary syphilis]] | *[[Syphilis|Tertiary syphilis]] | ||
**[[Gumma|Gummas]] | **[[Gumma|Gummas]] | ||
**[[Neurosyphilis]] | **[[Syphilis|Neurosyphilis]] | ||
|[[File:Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh.jpg|thumb|400x400px|oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349]] | |[[File:Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh.jpg|thumb|400x400px|oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*[[Sores]] in the [[mouth]] | *[[Sores]] in the [[mouth]] | ||
*[[Rash]] with [[blisters]] | *[[Rash]] with [[blisters]] | ||
*[[Aches]] | *[[pain|Aches]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Pregnancy]] | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Immunodeficiency]] | ||
| | | | ||
* | *History and [[physical examination]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Cotton swab|Throat swabs]] | ||
*Swabs from the lesion | *[[Cotton swab|Swabs]] from the lesion | ||
*[[Tzanck test]] | *[[Tzanck test]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Oral cavity]] | *[[mouth|Oral cavity]] | ||
*[[Skin]] | *[[Skin]] | ||
| | | | ||
*Symptomatic treatment | *[[symptom|Symptomatic]] [[treatment]] | ||
|[[File:Hand foot mouth disease 07a.jpg|Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|400x400px]] | |[[File:Hand foot mouth disease 07a.jpg|Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|400x400px]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Chickenpox|Chicken pox]] | |[[Chickenpox|Chicken pox]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Conjunctival]] symptoms | *[[Conjunctival]] [[symptoms]] | ||
*[[Catarrhal]] symptoms | *[[Rhinitis|Catarrhal]] [[symptoms]] | ||
*Characteristic [[spots]] on the trunk appearing in two or three waves | *Characteristic [[spots]] on the trunk appearing in two or three waves | ||
*[[Itching]] | *[[Itching]] | ||
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*[[Pregnancy]] | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Premature infants]] born to susceptible mothers | *[[Premature infants]] born to susceptible mothers | ||
*All [[infants]] born at less than 28 weeks [[gestation]] or who weigh | *All [[infants]] born at less than 28 weeks [[gestation]] or who weigh equal to 1000 grams | ||
*[[Immunocompromised]] | *[[Immunocompromised]] | ||
| | | | ||
* | *History and [[physical examination]] | ||
*[[PCR]] to detect [[VZV]] in [[skin lesions]] ([[vesicles]], | *[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] to detect [[Varicella zoster virus|VZV]] in [[skin lesions]] (such as [[vesicles]], scabs, [[Maculopapular|maculopapular lesions]]) | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Oral cavity]] | *[[mouth|Oral cavity]] | ||
*[[Skin]] | *[[Skin]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamines]] for [[itching]] | *[[Sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamines]] for [[itch|itching]] | ||
*[[Paracetamol]] ([[acetaminophen]]) for [[fever]] | *[[Paracetamol]] ([[acetaminophen]]) for [[fever]] | ||
*[[Prednisolone]] is [[contraindicated]] | *[[Prednisolone]] is [[contraindicated]] | ||
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*[[Rash]] | *[[Rash]] | ||
*[[Cough]] | *[[Cough]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Rhinorrhea]] (runny nose) | ||
*[[Conjunctivitis]] (pink eye) | *[[Conjunctivitis]] (pink eye) | ||
*[[Malaise]] | *[[Malaise]] | ||
*[[Koplick spots]] in mouth | *[[Koplick spots]] in [[mouth]] | ||
| | | | ||
*Unvaccinated individuals<ref name="pmid11135778">{{cite journal| author=Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE| title=Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 24 | pages= 3145-50 | pmid=11135778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11135778 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9009400">{{cite journal| author=Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E| title=Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies. | journal=Can J Public Health | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-10 | pmid=9009400 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9009400 }} </ref> | *[[Vaccination|Unvaccinated]] individuals<ref name="pmid11135778">{{cite journal| author=Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE| title=Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 24 | pages= 3145-50 | pmid=11135778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11135778 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9009400">{{cite journal| author=Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E| title=Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies. | journal=Can J Public Health | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-10 | pmid=9009400 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9009400 }} </ref> | ||
*Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions | *Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions | ||
*Traveling to less developed and developing countries | *Traveling to less developed and developing countries | ||
*Immunocompromized | *Immunocompromized | ||
*Winter and [[spring]] seasons | *Winter and [[spring]] seasons | ||
*Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated | *Born after 1956 and never fully [[Vaccination|vaccinated]] | ||
*Health care workers | *Health care workers | ||
| | | | ||
* | *History and [[physical examination]] | ||
*[[PCR]] for [[ | *[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] for [[measles]]-specific [[IgM|IgM antibody]] | ||
*[[PCR]] for [[ | *[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] for [[measles]] [[RNA]] | ||
| | | | ||
*[[Oral cavity]] | *[[mouth|Oral cavity]] | ||
*[[Skin]] | *[[Skin]] | ||
*[[Respiratory tract]] | *[[Respiratory tract]] | ||
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| | | | ||
*Caused by [[Morbillivirus]] | *Caused by [[Morbillivirus]] | ||
*Primary site of infection is the [[respiratory epithelium]] of the [[nasopharynx]] | *Primary site of [[infection]] is the [[respiratory epithelium]] of the [[nasopharynx]] | ||
*Transmitted in [[respiratory secretions]], via [[aerosol droplets]] containing [[Virus|virus particles]] | *Transmitted in [[respiratory secretions]], via [[aerosol droplets]] containing [[Virus|virus particles]] | ||
|[[File:Koplik spots, measles 6111 lores.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483]] | |[[File:Koplik spots, measles 6111 lores.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483]] |
Revision as of 16:00, 16 May 2021
Herpesviral vesicular dermatitis | |
Herpes lesion on upper lip and face |
Herpes simplex Microchapters |
Patient Information |
Classification |
Herpes simplex orofacial infection On the Web |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Herpes simplex orofacial infection |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Orofacial Infection
- Infection by HSV-1 is the most common cause of herpes that affects the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), although within the recent years an increase in oral HSV-2 infections has been reported.[1]
- A majority of primary HSV-1 infections occur during childhood and if the virus comes into contact with the mucosa or abraded skin, it can cause acute herpetic gingivostomatitis (inflammation of the cheek's mucosa and gums) within 5–10 days. Some other symptoms may also develop, including fever and sore throat, and painful ulcers may appear.[1]
- Primary HSV infection in adolescents frequently manifests as severe pharyngitis with lesions developing on the cheek and gums. Some individuals develop difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).[1] Primary HSV infections in adults often presents as pharyngitis similar to that observed in glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), but gingivostomatitis is less likely. The symptoms of primary HSV infection generally resolve within two weeks.[1]
- Once a primary oral HSV-1 infection has resolved, the HSV enters the nerves surrounding the primary lesion, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglion. In some patients, the virus reactivates to cause recurrent infection; which is more common with HSV-1 than HSV-2 oral infection.[1] [2]
- Prodromal symptoms often precede a recurrence, which typically begins with reddening of the skin around the infected site, with eventual ulceration to form fluid-filled blisters that affect the lip (labial) tissue and the area between the lip and skin (vermillion border). The recurrent infection is thus often called herpes simplex labialis. Rare occasions of reinfections occur inside the mouth (intraoral HSV stomatitis), affecting the gums, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and the back of the tongue. This may be accompanied by herpes labialis.[1] [3]
- Oral herpes is spread by direct contact with an active sore in an infected person, for instance, by kissing. However, the virus can be transmitted through the skin in the absence of a lesion.
- Oral herpes and cold sores can sometimes be confused with canker sores.
Differential diagnosis
Herpes simplex orofacial infection must be differentiated from other diseases causing oral lesions such as leukoplakia and herpes simplex virus infection.
Disease | Presentation | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Affected Organ Systems | Important features | Picture |
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Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity | ||||||
Oral Candidiasis |
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Localized candidiasis
Invasive candidasis |
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Herpes simplex oral lesions | ||||||
Aphthous ulcers |
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Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Leukoplakia |
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Melanoma |
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Fordyce spots |
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Burning mouth syndrome |
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Torus palatinus |
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Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems | ||||||
Behcet's disease |
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Crohn's disease |
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Agranulocytosis |
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Syphilis[6] |
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Coxsackie virus |
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Chicken pox |
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Measles |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bruce AJ, Rogers RS (2004) Oral manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Dermatol 22 (6):520-7. DOI:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.07.005 PMID: 15596324
- ↑ Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29
- ↑ Herpes Online: Exploring the "H" Community, pages 1-4 American Social Health Association 1996 Access date: 2007-03-29
- ↑ Ann M. Gillenwater, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Hanadi Fatani, Pierre Saintigny & Adel K. El-Naggar (2013). "Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!". Advances in anatomic pathology. 20 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1. PMID 24113312. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. (2006). "Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder". Eur J Intern Med. 17 (8): 529–35. Text "pmid 17142169" ignored (help)
- ↑ title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"
- ↑ Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE (2000). "Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization". JAMA. 284 (24): 3145–50. PMID 11135778.
- ↑ Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E (1996). "Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies". Can J Public Health. 87 (6): 407–10. PMID 9009400.