Sandbox:Sahar

Syncope

Syncope Definition

Syncope is classified to three types:

• Cardiac
• Neurogenic
• Vasovagal

DDX of syncope
Condition	History	Physical	Lab finfings

Syncope

cardiac

neurogenic

C01

D01

D02

D03

E01

E02

E03

F01

F02

Case courtesy of Dr Mohamed Mahmoud Elthokapy, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 91033

Aortic dissection is a life-threating disorder.

Differential Diagnosis of Aortic Dissection

Differential Diagnosis of Aortic Dissection

The ddx includes:

Aortic dissection DDX
Disease	Histrory	Physical exam findings

overview

Syncope is classified into three types:

• Cardiac
• Vasovagal
• Neurogenic

Differentiating diagnosis of Lymphoma	Symptoms					Signs			Diagnosis	Additional Findings
	Fever	Rash	Diarrhea	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	Painful lymphadenopathy	Hepatosplenomegaly	Arthritis	Lab Findings
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Lymphoma	+	–	–	+	+	–	+	–	Increase ESR, increased LDH	Night sweats, constant fatigue
Brucellosis	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	+	Relative lymphocytosis	Night sweats, often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay
Typhoid fever	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	+	Decreased hemoglobin	Incremental increase in temperature initially and than sustained fever as high as 40°C (104°F)
Malaria	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	+	Microcytosis, elevated LDH	"Tertian" fever: paroxysms occur every second day
Tuberculosis	+	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	Mild normocytic anemia, hyponatremia, and hypercalcemia	Night sweats, constant fatigue
Mumps	+	–	–	–	–	+	–	–	Relative lymphocytosis, serum amylaseelevated	Parotidswelling/tenderness
Rheumatoid arthritis	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	+	ESR and CRP elevated, positive rheumatoid factor	Morning stiffness
SLE	–	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	ESR and CRP elevated, positive ANA	Fatigue
HIV	–	–	–	+	+	+	–	+	Leukopenia	Constant fatigue

CNS lymphoma must be differentiated from other causes of seizures, headache, and fever in immunocompromised patients such as disseminated tuberculosis and disseminated aspergillosis.

Disease	Differentiating signs and symptoms	Differentiating tests
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
CNS lymphoma	Patient is immunocompetent Focal symptoms indicative of a mass lesion Seizure	Single solitary ring enhancing lesion on CT or MRI
Disseminated tuberculosis	Prior history of residence in an endemic area Chronic cough, weight loss, hemoptysis	PCR of CSF for tuberculosis Mycobacterial culture of CSF Brain biopsy for acid-fast bacilli staining Culture and acid stain positive for acid-fast bacilli CXR shows cavitations
Aspergillosis	Pulmonary lesions in addition to CNS lesions Symptoms may include cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis	CSF fungal culture, galactomannan
Cryptococcosis	Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis	Cryptococcal antigen from CSF and serum CSF fungal culture
Chagas disease	History of residence in Central or South America Acute infection is rarely symptomatic Encephalitis or focal brain lesions Myocarditis Chronic infections in immunocompromised patients develop into encephalitis with necrotic brain lesions causing a mass effect	Trypanosoma cruzi in blood, tissue, or CSF, PCR of tissue or body fluids, and serologic tests
CMV infection	Most common CNS opportunistic infection in AIDS patients Presents with encephalitis, retinitis, progressive myelitis, or polyradiculitis In disseminated disease, it involves both the liver and kidneys	Brain CT/MRI/biopsy: location of lesions is usually near the brain stem or periventricular areas PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic Brain biopsy with + staining for CMV or evidence of owl's eyes is also diagnostic, but it is rarely performed because of the location of brain lesions
HSV infection	Seizures, headache, confusion and/or urinary retention can be seen in disseminated disease, which usually affects only the immunocompromised or acute infections In pregnant women, it may be associated with concurrent genital/oral lesions; can be spread to the neonate during acute infection in the mother, or via viral shedding in the birth canal Neonatal HSV can range from localized skin infections to encephalitis, pneumonitis, and disseminated disease	Brain CT/MRI/biopsy: location of lesions is usually the medial temporal lobe or the orbital surface of the frontal lobe. PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic
Varicella Zoster infection	Multifocal involvement has subacute course, usually only in immunosuppressed, with headache, fever, focal deficits, and seizures. Unifocal involvement is more typically seen in immunocompetent hosts, occurring after contralateral cranial nerve herpes zoster, with mental status changes, TIAs, and stroke Disseminated varicella zoster virus can occur in adults during primary infection, presenting with pneumonitis and/or hepatitis Disease is a vasculopathy with hemorrhage and stroke	PCR of CSF with detectable virus is diagnostic
Brain abscess	Associated with sinusitis (abutting the sinuses) or with bacteremia Signs and symptoms includes fever and necrotizing brain lesions with mass effect	CSF culture or culture of brain abscess
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy	Symptoms are often more insidious in onset and progress over months. Symptoms include progressive weakness, poor coordination, with gradual slowing of mental function. Only seen in the immunosuppressed. Rarely associated with fever or other systemic symptoms	PCR of CSF for JC virus Biopsy reveals white matter lesions and not well-circumscribed lesions.

Case courtesy of Dr Bahman Rasuli, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 90579

Classification

Syncope is classified into three components:

• Cardiac
  • Neurogenic
• Vasovagal

Classification of Syncope
Type	Pathophysiology	Treatment	Additional information

syncope

cardiac

neurogenic

C01

D01

D02

D03

E01

E02

E03

F01

F02

File:Fl000816-300x300.jpg

wikimedia commons

disease

Syncope is classified into three types.

Wikimedia commons

Syncope classification
Cardia

Syncope is classified to three types:

Syncope is classified into three types:

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]

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Syncope

B01

C01

C03

C02

D01' D01

D02' D02

E01

E02

E03

E04

F01

F02

F03

Source:Wikimedia commons

Syncope classifications:

• Orthostatic:

• Cardiac
• Neurolgoic

Syncope ddx
Clinical manifestations