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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Lab Findings==


===Routine Lab Tests===
===Routine Lab Tests===
<ref name="pmid30020693">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30020693 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid30020693">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30020693 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
====CBC====
===CBC===
# RBC: Anemia
# RBC: Anemia
# WBC: significant leukocytosis (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
# WBC: significant leukocytosis (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
# Platelets: Thrombocytopenia
# Platelets: Thrombocytopenia


====Electrolytes====
===Electrolytes===
* Hyponatremia (in cases of ''Legionella'')
* Hyponatremia (in cases of ''Legionella'')


====Inflammatory biomarkers====
===Inflammatory biomarkers===
*ESR: elevated
*ESR: elevated
*C-reactive protein: elevated  
*C-reactive protein: elevated  


====RFTs====
===RFTs===
* BUN: elevated
* BUN: elevated


====Arterial Blood Gas====
===Arterial Blood Gas===
* Hypoxia  
* Hypoxia  
* Respiratory acidosis
* Respiratory acidosis


====Pulse oximetry====
===Pulse oximetry===
* < 92% indicates severe hypoxia
* < 92% indicates severe hypoxia


====Blood Culture====
===Blood Culture===
* samples should be taken before administering antibiotics  
* samples should be taken before administering antibiotics  


==Other Lab Tests==
==Other Lab Tests==


====Gram staining====
===Gram staining===
* may assist in determining the underlying bacteria  
* may assist in determining the underlying bacteria  


====Sputum samples====
===Sputum samples===
* should be obtained when patient presents with a productive cough  
* should be obtained when patient presents with a productive cough  




====Polymerase Chain Reaction====
===Polymerase Chain Reaction===
* provides sensitive and rapid results<ref name="pmid25225517">{{cite journal| author=Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M| title=The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | journal=Pak J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 5 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=25225517 | doi=10.12669/pjms.305.5098 | pmc=4163223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25225517  }} </ref>
* provides sensitive and rapid results<ref name="pmid25225517">{{cite journal| author=Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M| title=The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | journal=Pak J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 5 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=25225517 | doi=10.12669/pjms.305.5098 | pmc=4163223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25225517  }} </ref>


====Urine Antigen====
===Urine Antigen===
* used to detect 'Legionella''
* used to detect 'Legionella''


====Bronchoalveolar Lavage====
===Bronchoalveolar Lavage===
* Especially helpful in determining the presence of bacterial pneumonia in non-immunocompromised and mechanically ventilated patients<ref name="pmid8605896">{{cite journal| author=Sanchez Nieto JM, Carillo Alcaraz A| title=The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 839-50 | pmid=8605896 | doi=10.1007/BF01691489 | pmc=7102128 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8605896  }} </ref>
* Especially helpful in determining the presence of bacterial pneumonia in non-immunocompromised and mechanically ventilated patients<ref name="pmid8605896">{{cite journal| author=Sanchez Nieto JM, Carillo Alcaraz A| title=The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 839-50 | pmid=8605896 | doi=10.1007/BF01691489 | pmc=7102128 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8605896  }} </ref>


Revision as of 10:40, 8 January 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz

Overview

Routine Lab Tests

[1]

CBC

  1. RBC: Anemia
  2. WBC: significant leukocytosis (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
  3. Platelets: Thrombocytopenia

Electrolytes

  • Hyponatremia (in cases of Legionella)

Inflammatory biomarkers

  • ESR: elevated
  • C-reactive protein: elevated

RFTs

  • BUN: elevated

Arterial Blood Gas

  • Hypoxia
  • Respiratory acidosis

Pulse oximetry

  • < 92% indicates severe hypoxia

Blood Culture

  • samples should be taken before administering antibiotics

Other Lab Tests

Gram staining

  • may assist in determining the underlying bacteria

Sputum samples

  • should be obtained when patient presents with a productive cough


Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • provides sensitive and rapid results[2]

Urine Antigen

  • used to detect 'Legionella

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

  • Especially helpful in determining the presence of bacterial pneumonia in non-immunocompromised and mechanically ventilated patients[3]

References

  1. ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.
  2. ↑ Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M (2014). "The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (5): 1011–6. doi:10.12669/pjms.305.5098. PMC 4163223. PMID 25225517.
  3. ↑ Sanchez Nieto JM, Carillo Alcaraz A (1995). "The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 14 (10): 839–50. doi:10.1007/BF01691489. PMC 7102128 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 8605896.

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