Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Line 4: Line 4:


==Future Investigations==
==Future Investigations==
=== Insights ===


*Several insights on development of cavernous angioma exist.
*Several insights on development of cavernous angioma exist.
Line 13: Line 15:
***lipopolysaccharide can stimulate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) found on walls of endothelium <ref name="pmid28489816">{{cite journal| author=Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N | display-authors=etal| title=Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. | journal=Nature | year= 2017 | volume= 545 | issue= 7654 | pages= 305-310 | pmid=28489816 | doi=10.1038/nature22075 | pmc=5757866 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28489816  }} </ref>
***lipopolysaccharide can stimulate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) found on walls of endothelium <ref name="pmid28489816">{{cite journal| author=Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N | display-authors=etal| title=Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. | journal=Nature | year= 2017 | volume= 545 | issue= 7654 | pages= 305-310 | pmid=28489816 | doi=10.1038/nature22075 | pmc=5757866 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28489816  }} </ref>


=== Possible Medications that can Reduce Risk of Bleeding ===
* Some drugs have been identified to be able to reduce risk of hemorrhage, and possible development of new lesions. <ref name="pmid30909834">{{cite journal| author=Zafar A, Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Robinson M, Hart BL | display-authors=etal| title=Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. | journal=Stroke | year= 2019 | volume= 50 | issue= 5 | pages= 1294-1301 | pmid=30909834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022314 | pmc=6924279 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30909834  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid27639680">{{cite journal| author=Retta SF, Glading AJ| title=Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin. | journal=Int J Biochem Cell Biol | year= 2016 | volume= 81 | issue= Pt B | pages= 254-270 | pmid=27639680 | doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011 | pmc=5155701 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27639680  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22710379">{{cite journal| author=Witiw CD, Abou-Hamden A, Kulkarni AV, Silvaggio JA, Schneider C, Wallace MC| title=Cerebral cavernous malformations and pregnancy:  hemorrhage risk and influence on obstetrical management. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2012 | volume= 71 | issue= 3 | pages= 626-30; discussion 631 | pmid=22710379 | doi=10.1227/NEU.0b013e31825fd0dc | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22710379  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30476961">{{cite journal| author=Chohan MO, Marchiò S, Morrison LA, Sidman RL, Cavenee WK, Dejana E | display-authors=etal| title=Emerging Pharmacologic Targets in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation and Potential Strategies to Alter the Natural History of a Difficult Disease: A Review. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2019 | volume= 76 | issue= 4 | pages= 492-500 | pmid=30476961 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3634 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30476961  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25486933">{{cite journal| author=Gibson CC, Zhu W, Davis CT, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Chan AC, Ling J | display-authors=etal| title=Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 289-99 | pmid=25486933 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403 | pmc=4356181 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25486933  }} </ref>
* These include:
** rapamycin <ref name="pmid30556006">{{cite journal| author=De Luca E, Pedone D, Moglianetti M, Pulcini D, Perrelli A, Retta SF | display-authors=etal| title=Multifunctional Platinum@BSA-Rapamycin Nanocarriers for the Combinatorial Therapy of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. | journal=ACS Omega | year= 2018 | volume= 3 | issue= 11 | pages= 15389-15398 | pmid=30556006 | doi=10.1021/acsomega.8b01653 | pmc=6288776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30556006  }} </ref>
** sorafenib <ref name="pmid20616044">{{cite journal| author=Wüstehube J, Bartol A, Liebler SS, Brütsch R, Zhu Y, Felbor U | display-authors=etal| title=Cerebral cavernous malformation protein CCM1 inhibits sprouting angiogenesis by activating DELTA-NOTCH signaling. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2010 | volume= 107 | issue= 28 | pages= 12640-5 | pmid=20616044 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1000132107 | pmc=2906569 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20616044  }} </ref>
** sulindac (NSAID) <ref name="pmid26109568">{{cite journal| author=Bravi L, Rudini N, Cuttano R, Giampietro C, Maddaluno L, Ferrarini L | display-authors=etal| title=Sulindac metabolites decrease cerebrovascular malformations in CCM3-knockout mice. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2015 | volume= 112 | issue= 27 | pages= 8421-6 | pmid=26109568 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1501352112 | pmc=4500248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26109568  }} </ref>
** TLR4-blocking agents <ref name="pmid28489816">{{cite journal| author=Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N | display-authors=etal| title=Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations. | journal=Nature | year= 2017 | volume= 545 | issue= 7654 | pages= 305-310 | pmid=28489816 | doi=10.1038/nature22075 | pmc=5757866 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28489816  }} </ref>
** fasudil <ref name="pmid22034008">{{cite journal| author=McDonald DA, Shi C, Shenkar R, Stockton RA, Liu F, Ginsberg MH | display-authors=etal| title=Fasudil decreases lesion burden in a murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 571-4 | pmid=22034008 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625467 | pmc=3265629 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22034008  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27879448">{{cite journal| author=Shenkar R, Shi C, Austin C, Moore T, Lightle R, Cao Y | display-authors=etal| title=RhoA Kinase Inhibition With Fasudil Versus Simvastatin in Murine Models of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. | journal=Stroke | year= 2017 | volume= 48 | issue= 1 | pages= 187-194 | pmid=27879448 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015013 | pmc=5183488 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27879448  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28586486">{{cite journal| author=Weiner GM, Ducruet AF| title=Fasudil Slows Development of Cavernous Malformations. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2017 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= N25-N27 | pmid=28586486 | doi=10.1093/neuros/nyx100 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28586486  }} </ref>
** vitamin D <ref name="pmid25486933">{{cite journal| author=Gibson CC, Zhu W, Davis CT, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Chan AC, Ling J | display-authors=etal| title=Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 289-99 | pmid=25486933 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403 | pmc=4356181 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25486933  }} </ref>
** tempol <ref name="pmid25486933">{{cite journal| author=Gibson CC, Zhu W, Davis CT, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Chan AC, Ling J | display-authors=etal| title=Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2015 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 289-99 | pmid=25486933 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403 | pmc=4356181 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25486933  }} </ref>
** simvastatin <ref name="pmid28586486">{{cite journal| author=Weiner GM, Ducruet AF| title=Fasudil Slows Development of Cavernous Malformations. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2017 | volume= 80 | issue= 5 | pages= N25-N27 | pmid=28586486 | doi=10.1093/neuros/nyx100 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28586486  }} </ref>
** bevacizumab <ref name="pmid30610500">{{cite journal| author=Apra C, Dumot C, Bourdillon P, Pelissou-Guyotat I| title=Could propranolol be beneficial in adult cerebral cavernous malformations? | journal=Neurosurg Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 403-408 | pmid=30610500 | doi=10.1007/s10143-018-01074-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30610500  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23804539">{{cite journal| author=Berti I, Marchetti F, Skabar A, Zennaro F, Zanon D, Ventura A| title=Propranolol for cerebral cavernous angiomatosis: a magic bullet. | journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 189-90 | pmid=23804539 | doi=10.1177/0009922813492885 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23804539  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27423555">{{cite journal| author=Reinhard M, Schuchardt F, Meckel S, Heinz J, Felbor U, Sure U | display-authors=etal| title=Propranolol stops progressive multiple cerebral cavernoma in an adult patient. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 367 | issue=  | pages= 15-7 | pmid=27423555 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27423555  }} </ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.3171/ 2017.12.JNS172404.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.3171/ 2017.12.JNS172404. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26578351">{{cite journal| author=Zabramski JM, Kalani MYS, Filippidis AS, Spetzler RF| title=Propranolol Treatment of Cavernous Malformations with Symptomatic Hemorrhage. | journal=World Neurosurg | year= 2016 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 631-639 | pmid=26578351 | doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26578351  }} </ref>
** propanolol <ref name="pmid30610500">{{cite journal| author=Apra C, Dumot C, Bourdillon P, Pelissou-Guyotat I| title=Could propranolol be beneficial in adult cerebral cavernous malformations? | journal=Neurosurg Rev | year= 2019 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 403-408 | pmid=30610500 | doi=10.1007/s10143-018-01074-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30610500  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23804539">{{cite journal| author=Berti I, Marchetti F, Skabar A, Zennaro F, Zanon D, Ventura A| title=Propranolol for cerebral cavernous angiomatosis: a magic bullet. | journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 189-90 | pmid=23804539 | doi=10.1177/0009922813492885 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23804539  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27423555">{{cite journal| author=Reinhard M, Schuchardt F, Meckel S, Heinz J, Felbor U, Sure U | display-authors=etal| title=Propranolol stops progressive multiple cerebral cavernoma in an adult patient. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 367 | issue=  | pages= 15-7 | pmid=27423555 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27423555  }} </ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.3171/ 2017.12.JNS172404.">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.3171/ 2017.12.JNS172404. | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26578351">{{cite journal| author=Zabramski JM, Kalani MYS, Filippidis AS, Spetzler RF| title=Propranolol Treatment of Cavernous Malformations with Symptomatic Hemorrhage. | journal=World Neurosurg | year= 2016 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 631-639 | pmid=26578351 | doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26578351  }} </ref>
<br />
==References==
==References==


Revision as of 07:33, 26 February 2022

Cavernous angioma Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cavernous angioma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

CT

MRI

MRA

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies

CDC on Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies

Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies in the news

Blogs on Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies

Directions to Hospitals Treating Cavernous angioma

Risk calculators and risk factors for Cavernous angioma future or investigational therapies

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorrraine F. Co, D.M.D., M.D.

Future Investigations

Insights

  • Several insights on development of cavernous angioma exist.
  • Factors other than genetic mutation are considered such as: [1][2]
    • oxidative stress
    • inflammation
    • alterations in angiogenesis
    • gut microbiome involvement
      • lipopolysaccharide can stimulate the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) found on walls of endothelium [3]

Possible Medications that can Reduce Risk of Bleeding


References

  1. ↑ Fischer A, Zalvide J, Faurobert E, Albiges-Rizo C, Tournier-Lasserve E (2013). "Cerebral cavernous malformations: from CCM genes to endothelial cell homeostasis". Trends Mol Med. 19 (5): 302–8. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2013.02.004. PMID 23506982.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Retta SF, Glading AJ (2016). "Oxidative stress and inflammation in cerebral cavernous malformation disease pathogenesis: Two sides of the same coin". Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 81 (Pt B): 254–270. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.011. PMC 5155701. PMID 27639680.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tang AT, Choi JP, Kotzin JJ, Yang Y, Hong CC, Hobson N; et al. (2017). "Endothelial TLR4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations". Nature. 545 (7654): 305–310. doi:10.1038/nature22075. PMC 5757866. PMID 28489816.
  4. ↑ Zafar A, Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, Robinson M, Hart BL; et al. (2019). "Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations". Stroke. 50 (5): 1294–1301. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.022314. PMC 6924279 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 30909834.
  5. ↑ Witiw CD, Abou-Hamden A, Kulkarni AV, Silvaggio JA, Schneider C, Wallace MC (2012). "Cerebral cavernous malformations and pregnancy: hemorrhage risk and influence on obstetrical management". Neurosurgery. 71 (3): 626–30, discussion 631. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e31825fd0dc. PMID 22710379.
  6. ↑ Chohan MO, Marchiò S, Morrison LA, Sidman RL, Cavenee WK, Dejana E; et al. (2019). "Emerging Pharmacologic Targets in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation and Potential Strategies to Alter the Natural History of a Difficult Disease: A Review". JAMA Neurol. 76 (4): 492–500. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3634. PMID 30476961.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gibson CC, Zhu W, Davis CT, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Chan AC, Ling J; et al. (2015). "Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation". Circulation. 131 (3): 289–99. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010403. PMC 4356181. PMID 25486933.
  8. ↑ De Luca E, Pedone D, Moglianetti M, Pulcini D, Perrelli A, Retta SF; et al. (2018). "Multifunctional Platinum@BSA-Rapamycin Nanocarriers for the Combinatorial Therapy of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation". ACS Omega. 3 (11): 15389–15398. doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b01653. PMC 6288776. PMID 30556006.
  9. ↑ Wüstehube J, Bartol A, Liebler SS, Brütsch R, Zhu Y, Felbor U; et al. (2010). "Cerebral cavernous malformation protein CCM1 inhibits sprouting angiogenesis by activating DELTA-NOTCH signaling". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (28): 12640–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000132107. PMC 2906569. PMID 20616044.
  10. ↑ Bravi L, Rudini N, Cuttano R, Giampietro C, Maddaluno L, Ferrarini L; et al. (2015). "Sulindac metabolites decrease cerebrovascular malformations in CCM3-knockout mice". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (27): 8421–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501352112. PMC 4500248. PMID 26109568.
  11. ↑ McDonald DA, Shi C, Shenkar R, Stockton RA, Liu F, Ginsberg MH; et al. (2012). "Fasudil decreases lesion burden in a murine model of cerebral cavernous malformation disease". Stroke. 43 (2): 571–4. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625467. PMC 3265629. PMID 22034008.
  12. ↑ Shenkar R, Shi C, Austin C, Moore T, Lightle R, Cao Y; et al. (2017). "RhoA Kinase Inhibition With Fasudil Versus Simvastatin in Murine Models of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations". Stroke. 48 (1): 187–194. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015013. PMC 5183488. PMID 27879448.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Weiner GM, Ducruet AF (2017). "Fasudil Slows Development of Cavernous Malformations". Neurosurgery. 80 (5): N25–N27. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyx100. PMID 28586486.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Apra C, Dumot C, Bourdillon P, Pelissou-Guyotat I (2019). "Could propranolol be beneficial in adult cerebral cavernous malformations?". Neurosurg Rev. 42 (2): 403–408. doi:10.1007/s10143-018-01074-0. PMID 30610500.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Berti I, Marchetti F, Skabar A, Zennaro F, Zanon D, Ventura A (2014). "Propranolol for cerebral cavernous angiomatosis: a magic bullet". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 53 (2): 189–90. doi:10.1177/0009922813492885. PMID 23804539.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Reinhard M, Schuchardt F, Meckel S, Heinz J, Felbor U, Sure U; et al. (2016). "Propranolol stops progressive multiple cerebral cavernoma in an adult patient". J Neurol Sci. 367: 15–7. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.053. PMID 27423555.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 2017.12.JNS172404. https://doi.org/10.3171/ 2017.12.JNS172404. Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Zabramski JM, Kalani MYS, Filippidis AS, Spetzler RF (2016). "Propranolol Treatment of Cavernous Malformations with Symptomatic Hemorrhage". World Neurosurg. 88: 631–639. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.003. PMID 26578351.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Cavernous_angioma_future_or_investigational_therapies&oldid=1720235"