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Revision as of 11:45, 14 June 2022

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence and Attack Rate

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the incidence rate of monkeypox was 0.64 per 100,000 persons in 2001. Between 2005 and 2007, the average annual cumulative incidence of confirmed monkeypox was 0.53 per 100,000 persons^[1]. This rate has increased to 2.82 in 100,000 persons in 2013^[2]^[3].

In the Central African Republic, the attack rate of confirmed or probable monkeypox was 20 per 100 000 persons in a 2015 outbreak^[4], and 500 per 100 000 persons in the 2016 outbreak^[5].

Case Fatality Rate

The annual case fatality rate of monkeypox disease is approximately 8.7 %^[6].
The case fatality rate for the Central African clade is (10.6%) significantly higher than that of the West African clade (3.6%), according to pooled data from 28 peer-reviewed articles and 10 reports^[6]^[7].
- Cases detected in the 2022 outbreak in the US and Europe have been associated with the West African clade of monkeypox virus^[8].

References

↑ Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL; et al. (2010). "Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (37): 16262–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005769107. PMC 2941342. PMID 20805472.
↑ Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Colwell B, Kebela-Illunga B, Mukadi P, Mossoko M; et al. (2017). "Evolution of a Disease Surveillance System: An Increase in Reporting of Human Monkeypox Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013". Int J Trop Dis Health. 25 (2). doi:10.9734/IJTDH/2017/35885. PMC 6095679. PMID 30123790.
↑ "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases".
↑ Kalthan E, Dondo-Fongbia JP, Yambele S, Dieu-Creer LR, Zepio R, Pamatika CM (2016). "[Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015]". Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 109 (5): 358–363. doi:10.1007/s13149-016-0516-z. PMID 27783372.
↑ Kalthan E, Tenguere J, Ndjapou SG, Koyazengbe TA, Mbomba J, Marada RM; et al. (2018). "Investigation of an outbreak of monkeypox in an area occupied by armed groups, Central African Republic". Med Mal Infect. 48 (4): 263–268. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2018.02.010. PMID 29573840.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR; et al. (2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. PMC 8870502 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35148313 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ "doi.org".
↑ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries".

[pmid20805472-1] Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL; et al. (2010). "Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (37): 16262–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005769107. PMC 2941342. PMID 20805472.

[pmid30123790-2] Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Colwell B, Kebela-Illunga B, Mukadi P, Mossoko M; et al. (2017). "Evolution of a Disease Surveillance System: An Increase in Reporting of Human Monkeypox Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013". Int J Trop Dis Health. 25 (2). doi:10.9734/IJTDH/2017/35885. PMC 6095679. PMID 30123790.

[urlThe_changing_epidemiology_of_human_monkeypox—A_potential_threat?_A_systematic_review_|_PLOS_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases-3] "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases".

[pmid27783372-4] Kalthan E, Dondo-Fongbia JP, Yambele S, Dieu-Creer LR, Zepio R, Pamatika CM (2016). "[Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015]". Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 109 (5): 358–363. doi:10.1007/s13149-016-0516-z. PMID 27783372.

[pmid29573840-5] Kalthan E, Tenguere J, Ndjapou SG, Koyazengbe TA, Mbomba J, Marada RM; et al. (2018). "Investigation of an outbreak of monkeypox in an area occupied by armed groups, Central African Republic". Med Mal Infect. 48 (4): 263–268. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2018.02.010. PMID 29573840.

[pmid35148313-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR; et al. (2022). "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 16 (2): e0010141. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141. PMC 8870502 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35148313 Check |pmid= value (help).

[urldoi.org-7] "doi.org".

[urlMulti-country_monkeypox_outbreak_in_non-endemic_countries-8] "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries".

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 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+===Incidence and Attack Rate===
+In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the incidence rate of monkeypox was 0.64 per 100,000 persons in 2001. Between 2005 and 2007, the average annual cumulative incidence of confirmed monkeypox was 0.53 per 100,000 persons<ref name="pmid20805472">{{cite journal| author=Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL | display-authors=etal| title=Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 2010 | volume= 107 | issue= 37 | pages= 16262-7 | pmid=20805472 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1005769107 | pmc=2941342 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20805472  }} </ref>. This rate has increased to 2.82 in 100,000 persons in 2013<ref name="pmid30123790">{{cite journal| author=Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Colwell B, Kebela-Illunga B, Mukadi P, Mossoko M | display-authors=etal| title=Evolution of a Disease Surveillance System: An Increase in Reporting of Human Monkeypox Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013. | journal=Int J Trop Dis Health | year= 2017 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages=  | pmid=30123790 | doi=10.9734/IJTDH/2017/35885 | pmc=6095679 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30123790  }} </ref><ref name="urlThe changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases">{{cite web |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141.g008 |title=The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review &#124; PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>.
+In the Central African Republic, the attack rate of confirmed or probable monkeypox was 20 per 100 000 persons in a 2015 outbreak<ref name="pmid27783372">{{cite journal| author=Kalthan E, Dondo-Fongbia JP, Yambele S, Dieu-Creer LR, Zepio R, Pamatika CM| title=[Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015]. | journal=Bull Soc Pathol Exot | year= 2016 | volume= 109 | issue= 5 | pages= 358-363 | pmid=27783372 | doi=10.1007/s13149-016-0516-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27783372  }} </ref>, and 500 per 100 000 persons in the 2016 outbreak<ref name="pmid29573840">{{cite journal| author=Kalthan E, Tenguere J, Ndjapou SG, Koyazengbe TA, Mbomba J, Marada RM | display-authors=etal| title=Investigation of an outbreak of monkeypox in an area occupied by armed groups, Central African Republic. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2018 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-268 | pmid=29573840 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2018.02.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29573840  }} </ref>.
 ===Case Fatality Rate===