Congestive heart failure beta blockers: Difference between revisions

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(/* Blockers in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Ches...)
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===Blockers in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===
===Blockers in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===


{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
====Beta Blockers====
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
 
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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen" |[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In [[patients]] with [[HFrEF]], with current or previous [[symptoms]], use of 1 of the 3 [[beta blockers]] proven to reduce [[mortality]] (eg, bisoprolol, carvedilol,sustained-release metoprolol succinate) is recommended to reduce mortality and hospitalizations. <ref name="pmid10023943">{{cite journal| author=| title=The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 1999 | volume= 353 | issue= 9146 | pages= 9-13 | pmid=10023943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10023943  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10376614">{{cite journal| author=| title=Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF) | journal=Lancet | year= 1999 | volume= 353 | issue= 9169 | pages= 2001-7 | pmid=10376614 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10376614  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12390947">{{cite journal| author=Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 106 | issue= 17 | pages= 2194-9 | pmid=12390947 | doi=10.1161/01.cir.0000035653.72855.bf | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12390947  }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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| bgcolor="LightGreen" |<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Beta blockers]] (using 1 of the 3 proven to reduce mortality, i.e., [[bisoprolol]], [[carvedilol]], and [[metoprolol|sustained release metoprolol succinate]]) are recommended for all stable patients with current or prior symptoms of [[heart failure]] and reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] ([[LVEF]]), unless contraindicated.<ref name="pmid10023943">{{cite journal |author= |title=The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=353 |issue=9146 |pages=9–13 |year=1999 |month=January |pmid=10023943 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673698111819 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid10714728">{{cite journal |author=Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, El Allaf D, Vítovec J, Aldershvile J, Halinen M, Dietz R, Neuhaus KL, Jánosi A, Thorgeirsson G, Dunselman PH, Gullestad L, Kuch J, Herlitz J, Rickenbacher P, Ball S, Gottlieb S, Deedwania P |title=Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group |journal=[[JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=283 |issue=10 |pages=1295–302 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10714728 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10714728 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid11386264">{{cite journal |author= |title=A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=344 |issue=22 |pages=1659–67 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11386264 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200105313442202 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105313442202 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid12853193">{{cite journal |author=Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, Lubsen J, Lutiger B, Metra M, Remme WJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Scherhag A, Skene A |title=Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=362 |issue=9377 |pages=7–13 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12853193 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13800-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)13800-7 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid10376614">{{cite journal |author= |title=Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF) |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=353 |issue=9169 |pages=2001–7 |year=1999 |month=June |pmid=10376614 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673699044402 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid9743509">{{cite journal |author=Lechat P, Packer M, Chalon S, Cucherat M, Arab T, Boissel JP |title=Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=1184–91 |year=1998 |month=September |pmid=9743509 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9743509 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid8614419">{{cite journal |author=Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH |title=The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=334 |issue=21 |pages=1349–55 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8614419 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199605233342101 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605233342101 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid11386263">{{cite journal |author=Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL |title=Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=344 |issue=22 |pages=1651–8 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11386263 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200105313442201 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105313442201 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid11356434">{{cite journal |author=Dargie HJ |title=Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=357 |issue=9266 |pages=1385–90 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11356434 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600045608 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid12853194">{{cite journal |author=Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD, Mule JD, Vered Z, Lahiri A |title=Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction response to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=362 |issue=9377 |pages=14–21 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12853194 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673603138019 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid8106700">{{cite journal |author=Fisher ML, Gottlieb SS, Plotnick GD, Greenberg NL, Patten RD, Bennett SK, Hamilton BP |title=Beneficial effects of metoprolol in heart failure associated with coronary artery disease: a randomized trial |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=943–50 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8106700 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735-1097(94)90641-6 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid7963115">{{cite journal |author=Metra M, Nardi M, Giubbini R, Dei Cas L |title=Effects of short- and long-term carvedilol administration on rest and exercise hemodynamic variables, exercise capacity and clinical conditions in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=1678–87 |year=1994 |month=December |pmid=7963115 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid7722114">{{cite journal |author=Olsen SL, Gilbert EM, Renlund DG, Taylor DO, Yanowitz FD, Bristow MR |title=Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomized study |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1225–31 |year=1995 |month=May |pmid=7722114 |doi=10.1016/0735-1097(95)00012-S |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735-1097(95)00012-S |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid7664433">{{cite journal |author=Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, Kukin ML, Schwartz B, Penn J, Medina N, Yushak M, Horn E, Katz SD |title=Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=1499–506 |year=1995 |month=September |pmid=7664433 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7664433 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid7902479">{{cite journal |author=Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K, Camerini F, Fowler MB, Silver MA, Gilbert EM, Johnson MR, Goss FG, Hjalmarson A |title=Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=342 |issue=8885 |pages=1441–6 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=7902479 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid7923660">{{cite journal |author= |title=A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). CIBIS Investigators and Committees |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=1765–73 |year=1994 |month=October |pmid=7923660 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7923660 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid8941104">{{cite journal |author=Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Liang CS, Goldscher DA, Freeman I, Kukin ML, Kinhal V, Udelson JE, Klapholz M, Gottlieb SS, Pearle D, Cody RJ, Gregory JJ, Kantrowitz NE, LeJemtel TH, Young ST, Lukas MA, Shusterman NH |title=Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=94 |issue=11 |pages=2793–9 |year=1996 |month=December |pmid=8941104 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8941104 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid8941105">{{cite journal |author=Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Cohn JN, Fowler MB, Krueger SK, Hershberger R, Uretsky BF, Bowers JA, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Young ST, Holcslaw TL, Lukas MA |title=Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=94 |issue=11 |pages=2800–6 |year=1996 |month=December |pmid=8941105 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8941105 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid9033462">{{cite journal |author= |title=Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=349 |issue=9049 |pages=375–80 |year=1997 |month=February |pmid=9033462 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673697800086 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:"White"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class Value Statement: High Value]]
 
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|bgcolor="White"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In [[patients]] with [[HFrEF]], with current or previous [[symptoms]], [[beta blocker]] [[therapy]] provides high economic values. <ref name="pmid23433562">{{cite journal| author=Banka G, Heidenreich PA, Fonarow GC| title=Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 61 | issue= 13 | pages= 1440-6 | pmid=23433562 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23433562  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16360958">{{cite journal| author=Caro JJ, Migliaccio-Walle K, O'Brien JA, Nova W, Kim J, Hauch O | display-authors=etal| title=Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 9 | pages= 647-56 | pmid=16360958 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.433 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16360958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10190405">{{cite journal| author=Delea TE, Vera-Llonch M, Richner RE, Fowler MB, Oster G| title=Cost effectiveness of carvedilol for heart failure. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1999 | volume= 83 | issue= 6 | pages= 890-6 | pmid=10190405 | doi=10.1016/s0002-9149(98)01066-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10190405  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11334781">{{cite journal| author=Gregory D, Udelson JE, Konstam MA| title=Economic impact of beta blockade in heart failure. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 110 Suppl 7A | issue= | pages= 74S-80S | pmid=11334781 | doi=10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00387-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11334781  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11485131">{{cite journal| author=Vera-Llonch M, Menzin J, Richner RE, Oster G| title=Cost-effectiveness results from the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2001 | volume= 35 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 846-51 | pmid=11485131 | doi=10.1345/aph.10114 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11485131  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
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Revision as of 20:38, 22 June 2022
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Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

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Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
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Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
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Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Editor(s)-In-Chief: James Chang, M.D., Cardiovascular Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, Harvard Medical School [2] and C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3], Cardiovascular Division Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, Harvard Medical School; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [4] Mitra Chitsazan, M.D.[5] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[6]

Beta Blockers

Indications for Beta Blockers Use

A patient should be administered a "heart failure approved" or "evidence-based " beta blocker (metoprolol succinate[1], carvedilol, bisoprolol) if:

1. The Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) is ≤ 40%

or

2. There is a history of myocardial infarction (MI)[2]

Background


Dosing

Beta Blocker Starting dose Target dose
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg QD 10 mg QD
Carvedilol 3.125 mg BID 50 mg BID
Carvedilol CR 10 mg QD 80 mg QD
Metoprolol succinate (CR/XL) 12.5–25 mg QD 200 mg QD
Nebivolol 1.25 mg QD 10 mg QD

2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) [3][4]

Blockers in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) [3][4]

Beta Blockers

Class I
"1. In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, use of 1 of the 3 beta blockers proven to reduce mortality (eg, bisoprolol, carvedilol,sustained-release metoprolol succinate) is recommended to reduce mortality and hospitalizations. [5][6][7](Level of Evidence: A) "
Class Value Statement: High Value
"2. In patients with HFrEF, with current or previous symptoms, beta blocker therapy provides high economic values. [8][9][10][11][12] (Level of Evidence: A) "

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, El Allaf D, Vítovec J, Aldershvile J, Halinen M, Dietz R, Neuhaus KL, Jánosi A, Thorgeirsson G, Dunselman PH, Gullestad L, Kuch J, Herlitz J, Rickenbacher P, Ball S, Gottlieb S, Deedwania P (2000). "Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 283 (10): 1295–302. PMID 10714728. Retrieved 2012-04-03. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA (1998). "Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (8): 489–97. doi:10.1056/NEJM199808203390801. PMID 9709041. Retrieved 2012-04-03. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967
  5. ↑ "The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial". Lancet. 353 (9146): 9–13. 1999. PMID 10023943.
  6. ↑ "Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)". Lancet. 353 (9169): 2001–7. 1999. PMID 10376614.
  7. ↑ Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H; et al. (2002). "Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study". Circulation. 106 (17): 2194–9. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000035653.72855.bf. PMID 12390947.
  8. ↑ Banka G, Heidenreich PA, Fonarow GC (2013). "Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 61 (13): 1440–6. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.022. PMID 23433562.
  9. ↑ Caro JJ, Migliaccio-Walle K, O'Brien JA, Nova W, Kim J, Hauch O; et al. (2005). "Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial". J Card Fail. 11 (9): 647–56. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.06.433. PMID 16360958.
  10. ↑ Delea TE, Vera-Llonch M, Richner RE, Fowler MB, Oster G (1999). "Cost effectiveness of carvedilol for heart failure". Am J Cardiol. 83 (6): 890–6. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)01066-2. PMID 10190405.
  11. ↑ Gregory D, Udelson JE, Konstam MA (2001). "Economic impact of beta blockade in heart failure". Am J Med. 110 Suppl 7A: 74S–80S. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00387-8. PMID 11334781.
  12. ↑ Vera-Llonch M, Menzin J, Richner RE, Oster G (2001). "Cost-effectiveness results from the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program". Ann Pharmacother. 35 (7–8): 846–51. doi:10.1345/aph.10114. PMID 11485131.

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