COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases: Difference between revisions

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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


Several cases of subacute thyroiditis, Hagimoto thyroiditis, myxedema coma, Grave's disease have been reported in COVID-19 patients worldwide <ref name="pmid32436948">{{cite journal| author=Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F, Latrofa F| title=Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 7 | pages=  | pmid=32436948 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa276 | pmc=7314004 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32436948  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32843467">{{cite journal| author=Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ| title=Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2020 | volume= 13 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=32843467 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2020-237336 | pmc=7449350 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32843467  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32504458">{{cite journal| author=Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I| title=A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection. | journal=J Endocrinol Invest | year= 2020 | volume= 43 | issue= 8 | pages= 1173-1174 | pmid=32504458 | doi=10.1007/s40618-020-01316-3 | pmc=7273820 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32504458  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32780854">{{cite journal| author=Brancatella A, Ricci D, Cappellani D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F | display-authors=etal| title=Is Subacute Thyroiditis an Underestimated Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Insights From a Case Series. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 10 | pages=  | pmid=32780854 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa537 | pmc=7454668 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32780854  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid33370933">{{cite journal| author=Chakraborty U, Ghosh S, Chandra A, Ray AK| title=Subacute thyroiditis as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19: a report of an exceedingly rare clinical entity. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2020 | volume= 13 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=33370933 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2020-239953 | pmc=7750881 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33370933  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid33005461">{{cite journal| author=Campos-Barrera E, Alvarez-Cisneros T, Davalos-Fuentes M| title=Subacute Thyroiditis Associated with COVID-19. | journal=Case Rep Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 2020 | issue=  | pages= 8891539 | pmid=33005461 | doi=10.1155/2020/8891539 | pmc=7522602 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33005461  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32668831">{{cite journal| author=Tee LY, Harjanto S, Rosario BH| title=COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 2021 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 265 | pmid=32668831 | doi=10.11622/smedj.2020106 | pmc=8801861 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32668831  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32984743">{{cite journal| author=Dixit NM, Truong KP, Rabadia SV, Li D, Srivastava PK, Mosaferi T | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Myxedema Coma and COVID-19. | journal=J Endocr Soc | year= 2020 | volume= 4 | issue= 10 | pages= bvaa130 | pmid=32984743 | doi=10.1210/jendso/bvaa130 | pmc=7499619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32984743  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32984743">{{cite journal| author=Dixit NM, Truong KP, Rabadia SV, Li D, Srivastava PK, Mosaferi T | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Myxedema Coma and COVID-19. | journal=J Endocr Soc | year= 2020 | volume= 4 | issue= 10 | pages= bvaa130 | pmid=32984743 | doi=10.1210/jendso/bvaa130 | pmc=7499619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32984743  }} </ref>
Several cases of [[subacute thyroiditis]], [[Hashimoto thyroiditis]], [[myxedema coma]], [[Grave's disease]], [[atypical thyroiditis]], [[thyrotoxicosis]] have been reported in COVID-19 patients worldwide <ref name="pmid32436948">{{cite journal| author=Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F, Latrofa F| title=Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 7 | pages=  | pmid=32436948 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa276 | pmc=7314004 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32436948  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32843467">{{cite journal| author=Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ| title=Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2020 | volume= 13 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=32843467 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2020-237336 | pmc=7449350 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32843467  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32504458">{{cite journal| author=Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I| title=A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection. | journal=J Endocrinol Invest | year= 2020 | volume= 43 | issue= 8 | pages= 1173-1174 | pmid=32504458 | doi=10.1007/s40618-020-01316-3 | pmc=7273820 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32504458  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32780854">{{cite journal| author=Brancatella A, Ricci D, Cappellani D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F | display-authors=etal| title=Is Subacute Thyroiditis an Underestimated Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Insights From a Case Series. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 10 | pages=  | pmid=32780854 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa537 | pmc=7454668 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32780854  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid33370933">{{cite journal| author=Chakraborty U, Ghosh S, Chandra A, Ray AK| title=Subacute thyroiditis as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19: a report of an exceedingly rare clinical entity. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2020 | volume= 13 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=33370933 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2020-239953 | pmc=7750881 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33370933  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid33005461">{{cite journal| author=Campos-Barrera E, Alvarez-Cisneros T, Davalos-Fuentes M| title=Subacute Thyroiditis Associated with COVID-19. | journal=Case Rep Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 2020 | issue=  | pages= 8891539 | pmid=33005461 | doi=10.1155/2020/8891539 | pmc=7522602 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33005461  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32668831">{{cite journal| author=Tee LY, Harjanto S, Rosario BH| title=COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 2021 | volume= 62 | issue= 5 | pages= 265 | pmid=32668831 | doi=10.11622/smedj.2020106 | pmc=8801861 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32668831  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32984743">{{cite journal| author=Dixit NM, Truong KP, Rabadia SV, Li D, Srivastava PK, Mosaferi T | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Myxedema Coma and COVID-19. | journal=J Endocr Soc | year= 2020 | volume= 4 | issue= 10 | pages= bvaa130 | pmid=32984743 | doi=10.1210/jendso/bvaa130 | pmc=7499619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32984743  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32984743">{{cite journal| author=Dixit NM, Truong KP, Rabadia SV, Li D, Srivastava PK, Mosaferi T | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Myxedema Coma and COVID-19. | journal=J Endocr Soc | year= 2020 | volume= 4 | issue= 10 | pages= bvaa130 | pmid=32984743 | doi=10.1210/jendso/bvaa130 | pmc=7499619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32984743 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32738929">{{cite journal| author=Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, Covelli D, Mantovani G, Muscatello A | display-authors=etal| title=SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. | journal=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= 739-741 | pmid=32738929 | doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30266-7 | pmc=7392564 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32738929  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32436948">{{cite journal| author=Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F, Latrofa F| title=Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2020 | volume= 105 | issue= 7 | pages=  | pmid=32436948 | doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa276 | pmc=7314004 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32436948 }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==

Revision as of 17:10, 14 July 2022

Template:COVID-19 thyroid disorders

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

COVID-19 has been found to affect several organs and body systems, including the endocrine system, with short-term and possible long-term consequences.

Historical Perspective

In March 2020, the first case of subacute thyroiditis in an 18-year-old woman with COVID-19 was described. [1]

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of COVID-19-associated thyroid disorders.

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases is not fully understood. However, the following hypotheses have been suggested for the development of thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors are essentially involved in SARS-CoV-2 internalization into host cells. the thyroid gland is amongst the organs which have the highest levels of ACE2 expression and activity. Therefore, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, thyroid damage could result from either a direct or immune-mediated injury.
  • COVID-19 may also cause an immune system imbalance and in severe cases a cytokine storm, which may break immunotolerance in susceptible patients, leading to new onset of immune-mediated thyroiditis, exacerbating a previous thyroid disease, or inducing a recurrence of thyroid disease.

Causes

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Differentiating COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Several cases of subacute thyroiditis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, myxedema coma, Grave's disease, atypical thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis have been reported in COVID-19 patients worldwide [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [8] [9] [1]

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

A number of observational studies have shown that COVID-19 infection may be linked to some thyroid diseases, including:

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases is made based on the thyroid function test (TFT), which measures serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

  • There are no CT scan findings associated with COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Surgery is not a treatment option for patients with COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of COVID-19-associated thyroid diseases.

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F, Latrofa F (2020). "Subacute Thyroiditis After Sars-COV-2 Infection". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105 (7). doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa276. PMC 7314004 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32436948 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ (2020). "Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19". BMJ Case Rep. 13 (8). doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-237336. PMC 7449350 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32843467 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I (2020). "A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection". J Endocrinol Invest. 43 (8): 1173–1174. doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01316-3. PMC 7273820 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32504458 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Brancatella A, Ricci D, Cappellani D, Viola N, Sgrò D, Santini F; et al. (2020). "Is Subacute Thyroiditis an Underestimated Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Insights From a Case Series". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105 (10). doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa537. PMC 7454668 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32780854 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Chakraborty U, Ghosh S, Chandra A, Ray AK (2020). "Subacute thyroiditis as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19: a report of an exceedingly rare clinical entity". BMJ Case Rep. 13 (12). doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-239953. PMC 7750881 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33370933 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Campos-Barrera E, Alvarez-Cisneros T, Davalos-Fuentes M (2020). "Subacute Thyroiditis Associated with COVID-19". Case Rep Endocrinol. 2020: 8891539. doi:10.1155/2020/8891539. PMC 7522602 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33005461 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Tee LY, Harjanto S, Rosario BH (2021). "COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto's thyroiditis". Singapore Med J. 62 (5): 265. doi:10.11622/smedj.2020106. PMC 8801861 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32668831 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dixit NM, Truong KP, Rabadia SV, Li D, Srivastava PK, Mosaferi T; et al. (2020). "Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Myxedema Coma and COVID-19". J Endocr Soc. 4 (10): bvaa130. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa130. PMC 7499619 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32984743 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, Covelli D, Mantovani G, Muscatello A; et al. (2020). "SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis". Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8 (9): 739–741. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30266-7. PMC 7392564 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32738929 Check |pmid= value (help).
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