Diarrhea

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Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements.

Many things can cause diarrhea, which can make diagnosis complex. Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.

• Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
• Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
• Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
• Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
• Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
• Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
• Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.

The Complete List of Causes of Diarrhea

• Abdominal abscess
• Abdominal cancer
• Achlorhydria
• Acquired angioedema
• Acquired angioedema, type 1
• Acquired angioedema, type 2
• Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
• Acrodynia
• Acute appendicitis
• Acute gastritis
• Acute kidney failure
• Acute tin poisoning
• Acute zinc toxicity
• Addison's disease
• Adenophorea Infections
• Adenoviridae Infections
• Adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients
• Adenoviruses
• Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3
• Adverse reaction
• AIDS
• AIDS-Related Complex
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Alcohol-Induced Disorders
• Alcoholic intoxication
• Allergic disorders
• Allergies
• Amebiasis
• Amyloidosis
• Amyloidosis AL
• Anaphylaxis
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Anguillulosis
• Anxiety-tension syndrome
• Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
• Arsenic poisoning
• Ascaris
• Aspartylglycosaminuria
• Astrovirus
• Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency
• Attenuated familial polyposis
• Autoimmune diseases
• Autoimmune enteropathy
• Baber's syndrome
• Bacterial digestive infections
• Bacterial toxic-shock syndrome
• Bacterial toxins
• Banti's syndrome
• Bartter's syndrome, antenatal type 1
• Bartters syndrome, antenatal , type 2
• Behcet's Disease
• Biliary Atresia
• Biliary tract cancer
• Biotinidase deficiency
• Blastocystis
• Blastocystis hominis
• Blind loop syndrome
• Boron overuse
• Botulism food poisoning
• Bowel conditions
• Brainerd diarrhea
• Brennemann's syndrome
• Brown-Symmers disease
• Campylobacter
• Candida
• Carbamate insecticide poisoning
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Carnitine overuse
• Celiac Disease
• Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy
• Chemical pneumonia
• Chromosome 16q, partial deletion
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Chronic Granulomatous Disease
• Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
• Chronic vitamin A toxicity
• Ciguatera poisoning
• Classic galactosemia
• Clostridium perfringens food poisoning
• Clostridium sordellii
• Colchicine toxicity
• Colitis
• Colonic Inertia
• Colonic malakoplakia
• Colorectal cancer
• Colorectal Polyps
• Common migraine
• Common Variable Immunodeficiency
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - sodium-wasting form
• Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B
• Congenital short bowel
• Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption
• Congenital syndromes (chloridorrhea)
• Congenital Toxoplasmosis
• Constipation
• Copper toxicity
• Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2
• Cree leukoencephalopathy
• Crohn's disease
• Cronkhite-Canada disease
• Cryptosporidium
• Cryptosporiosis
• Cutaneous mastocytosis
• Cutaneous photosensitivity colitis, lethal
• Cyclic vomiting syndrome
• Cyclospora
• Cyclosporine toxicity
• Cysticercosis
• Cytomegalic Inclusion Body Disease
• Darvocet withdrawal
• Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome
• Degos Disease
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Diarrhea - polyendocrinopathy - infections, X-linked
• Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
• Dibasic aminoaciduria 2
• Dientamoeba fragilis
• Dientamoeba fragilis
• Diffuse systemic sclerosi
• Digestive Diseases
• Digestive duplication
• Digestive system cancer
• Dilaudid withdrawal
• Dipylidium
• Dipylidium caninum infection
• Disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex
• Dissociative disorder
• Distomatosis
• Diverticular Disease
• Dracunculiasis
• Dressler (D.)syndrome
• Drugs and poisons
• Ebola
• Echinococcosis
• EGE
• Egg Hypersensitivity
• Ehrlichiosis
• End Stage Liver Failure
• Endometriosis
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Enteritis
• Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli
• Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli
• Enterocele
• Enterocolitis
• Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection
• Enterovirus antenatal infection
• Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper
• Eosinophilic enteropathy, pattern II
• Epidemic secretory Brainerd diarrhea
• Erythroderma desquamativa of Leiner
• Escherichia coli O157:H7
• Evening Primrose oil - adverse effects
• Familial amyloid polyneuropathy
• Familial polyposis - classical
• Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive
• Familial visceral myopathy
• Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism
• Fascioliasis
• Fasciolopsiasis
• Favism
• Fecal impaction
• Fecal incontinence
• Fever
• Filariasis
• Flavivirus
• Fluke infections
• Folic acid toxicity
• Food allergies
• Food intolerances
• Food poisoning
• Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
• Galactosemia
• Galactosemia I
• Galactosemia III
• Gardner syndrome
• Gastrinoma
• Gastritis
• Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic
• Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
• Gastroenteritis
• Gastrointestinal amyloidosis
• Gastrointestinal neoplasm
• Giardia lamblia
• Ginseng overuse
• Glanders
• Glucosamine - adverse effects
• Glucose-galactose malabsorption
• Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency
• Glénard syndrome
• Gnathostoma Infection
• Graft-versus-host disease - acute
• Groin Hernia
• Hantavirosis
• Hantavirus
• Headache-free migraine
• Helminth infections
• Helminthiasis
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 1
• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 2
• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 3
• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4
• Hemorragic fever with renal syndrome
• Hepatitis
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis X
• Hepatorenal tyrosinemia
• Hereditary amyloidosis
• Hereditary angioedema, type 1
• Hereditary angioedema, type 2
• Hereditary angioedema, type III
• Hereditary pancreatitis
• Heroin dependence
• Heroin withdrawal
• Heterophyiasis
• Hirschsprung's disease
• HIV/AIDS
• Hookworm
• Hookworm, pinworm
• Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
• Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
• Hydrocodone withdrawal
• Hymenolepiasis
• Hyper IgM syndrome 1
• Hyper IgM syndrome 3
• Hyper IgM syndrome 4
• Hyper-IgD syndrome
• Hyper-IgM Syndrome
• Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever
• Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1
• Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypoadrenocorticism - hypoparathyroidism - moniliasis
• Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
• Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction
• Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
• Immunoglobulinic amyloidosis
• Immunoproliferative diseases
• Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder
• Incontinence
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Insect parasite conditions
• Insect sting allergies
• Intestinal Conditions
• Intestinal Flu
• Intestinal lymphangiectasis
• Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic
• Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency of
• Invasive group A Streptococcal disease
• Iron poisoning
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Ischemic colitis
• Isospora
• Isosporiasis
• Isosporosiasis
• Juvenile polyposis of infancy
• Juvenile polyposis syndrome, infantile form
• Katayama fever
• Keratosis palmoplantaris - adenocarcinoma of the colon
• Lactose Intolerance
• Lassa fever
• Laxative abuse
• Legionnaires' disease
• Leiner Disease
• Leptospirosis
• Leukocytoclastic angiitis - systemic
• Levy-Yeboa Syndrome
• Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Listeriosis
• Liver conditions
• Lortab withdrawal
• Lymphangiectasies and lymphedema Hennekam type
• Lymphangiectasis
• Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
• Malabsorption
• Malaria
• Malonic aciduria
• Marburg virus
• Mastocytosis
• Megaloblastic anemia
• Melioidosis
• Meningitis
• Mercury poisoning
• Mesothelioma, adult malignant
• Mesothelioma, adult malignant - peritoneal
• Metabolic disorders
• Metagonimiasis
• Methionine malabsorption syndrome
• Methotrexate toxicity
• Middle ear infection
• Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Morphine withdrawal
• Mucoepithelial dysplasia, Witkop type
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
• Mycobacterium avium Complex
• Mycobacterium avium complex infection
• Myiasis
• Ménétrier's disease
• Neonatal bacterial meningitis
• Neonatal sepsis
• Neoplasia
• Neoplasia
• Neuroblastoma
• Neuroendocrine tumors
• Neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal
• Nezelof's syndrome
• Norwalk gastroenteritis
• Norwalk Virus
• Norwalk-like viruses
• Obal syndrome
• Obstructive Jaundice
• Ogilvie's syndrome
• OHSS
• Omenn syndrome
• Opioid withdrawal
• Opisthorchiasis
• Opium withdrawal
• Ovarian Cancer
• OxyContin withdrawal
• Pancreatic adenoma
• Paragonimiases - lung infection
• Paragonimiasis
• Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Syndromes
• Peanut allergies
• Peanut Allergy
• Pellagra
• Pelvic abscess
• Penicillin allergy
• Periodic hyperlysinemia
• Pernicious anemia
• Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency
• Plant poisoning - Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)
• Plant poisoning - Castor bean (Ricinus communis)
• Plant poisoning - daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
• Plant poisoning - holly (Ilex sp.)
• Plant poisoning - Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
• Plant poisoning - mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)
• Plant poisoning - pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana)
• Plant poisoning - potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Plant poisoning - Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)
• Plant poisoning - Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)
• Poisoning
• Pollen allergy
• Portal thrombosis
• Portal vein thrombosis
• Portuguese type amyloidosis
• Postoperative Abdominal Wound Dehiscence
• Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome
• Primary agammaglobulinemia
• Primary immunodeficiency disorders
• Primary tubular proximal acidosis
• Protozoal Infection
• Protozoan Conditions
• Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis
• Proximal tubulopathy - diabetes mellitus - cerebellar ataxia
• Psyllium - adverse effects
• Ptomaine food poisoning
• Q fever
• Radiation colitis
• Radiation sickness
• Rambaud-Galian syndrome
• Rapid gastric emptying
• Rectal cancer
• Rectal conditions
• Refsum disease, infantile form
• Reiter’s syndrome
• Rhabditida Infections
• Ritter syndrome
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rotavirus
• Rotavirus
• Roundworm
• Sakamoto disease
• Salmonella
• Salmonella enteritidis
• Salmonella food poisoning
• Sarcosporidiosis
• SARS
• Schistosoma
• Schistosomiasis
• SCID
• Sclerosing Mesenteritis
• Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
• Secernentea Infections
• Secretory diarrhea
• Selenium - overuse
• Serotonin Syndrome
• Severe combined immunodeficiency, T- B+ due to JAK3 deficiency
• Severe congenital neutropenia
• Shigella
• Shigellosis
• Short Bowel Syndrome
• Sickle cell crisis
• Smith disease
• Smoking stools syndrome
• Spencer disease
• Sphingolipidosis
• Spira syndrome
• Spirurida Infections
• Spleen Cancer
• Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - nephrotic syndrome
• Sprue
• St. Anthony's fire
• Stachybotrys chartarum
• Staphylococcal food poisoning
• Staphylococcal infection
• Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
• Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning
• Stomach cancer
• Stomach Conditions
• Streptococcal Infections
• Strongyloides
• Strongyloidiasis
• Subacute myelo-optico neuropathy syndrome
• Subacute Thyroiditis
• Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
• Sudden Digestive Conditions
• Tapeworms
• Thymus Cancer
• Thymus disorders
• Thyroid cancer, familial medullary
• Toxemia
• Toxic epidermal necrolysis
• Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Toxocara
• Toxoplasmosis
• Traveler's diarrhea
• Trematoda - Intestinal, lung, liver flukes
• Trichinosis
• Trichuris
• Tularemia
• Turcot syndrome
• Typhoid fever
• Ultram withdrawal
• Valinemia
• Vanadium - adverse effect
• Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia
• Vasculitis hypersensitivity
• Venezuelan equine encephalitis
• Vibrio
• Vibrio cholerae
• Vibrio Infections
• Vibrio mimicus food poisoning
• Vibrio parahemolyticus
• Vibrio vulnificus
• Vibrio vulnificus infection
• Vicodin withdrawal
• Vipoma
• Viral digestive infections
• Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Viral Hepatitis
• Viral meningitis
• Visceral myopathy familial external ophthalmoplegia
• Visceral neuropathy, familial, autosomal dominant
• Vitamin C toxicity
• Vitamin D - adverse effects
• Von Gierke disease IB
• Waldmann disease
• Water-skier colon
• Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
• Weil's syndrome
• West nile encephalitis
• West Nile fever
• Western equine encephalitis
• Wheat intolerance
• Whipple's Disease
• Whipworm
• Whole-body acute irradiation - gastrointestinal syndrome
• Whooping Cough
• Wolman disease
• Worm conditions
• X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
• Yellow fever
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
• Yersiniosis
• Yorifuji Okuno syndrome
• ZAP70 deficiency
• Zinc deficiency
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

References

• Kruszka PS, Hall LW (2002). "Clinical inquiries. What is the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in immunocompetent patients?". The Journal of family practice. 51 (3): 212. PMID 11978230.