Azoospermia

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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

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Overview

Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male not having any measurable level of sperm in his semen. It is associated with very low levels of fertility.

Azoospermia has two forms:

• obstructive azoospermia, where sperm are created, but cannot be mixed with the rest of the ejaculatory fluid due to a physical obstruction, and;
• non-obstructive azoospermia, where there is a problem with spermatogenesis, as in the condition of hyperprolactinemia.
• congenital azoospermia, where azoospermia is a manifestation of cystic fibrosis due to agenesis of vas deferens.

Azoospermia is a reported side effect of androgen drugs and corticosteroids because they suppress the hypothalamus release of GnRH and therefore FSH. This causes azoospermia in males and amenorrhea in females.

Compare with aspermia.

Differential Diagnosis

• 5-alpha reductase deficiency
• Anabolic steroid hormone abuse
• Androgen resistance syndromes
• Congenital anorchism
• Cryptorchidism
• Drugs
• Ejaculatory duct obstructive lesion
• Epididymis obstructive lesion
• Gonadotoxins
• Hemochromatosis
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
• Hypothyroidism
• Impaired nerve function (retrograde ejaculation)
• Mumps
• Neurologic disease
• Other bacterial infections
• Postoperative conditions (retrograde ejaculation)
• Prior urologic surgery
• Psychosexual dysfunction
• Sertoli only syndrome
• Syphilis
• Testicular Tuberculosis
• Testicular tumor
• Torsion
• Traumatic damage
• Varicocele
• Vas deferens obstructive lesion
• Vasectomy

See also

• Infertility
• Retrograde ejaculation
• Vasectomy