Coccydynia: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
{{SI}} | {{SI}} | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' Patrick Foye, MD, Associate Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehab., UMDNJ-NJMS | '''Editor-In-Chief:''' Patrick Foye, MD, Associate Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehab., UMDNJ-NJMS [mailto:umdnj.1@gmail.com] | ||
'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} | '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} | ||
Revision as of 16:10, 21 January 2009
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
|
WikiDoc Resources for Coccydynia |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Coccydynia |
|
Media |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Coccydynia at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Coccydynia at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Coccydynia
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Patient resources on Coccydynia Discussion groups on Coccydynia Patient Handouts on Coccydynia Directions to Hospitals Treating Coccydynia Risk calculators and risk factors for Coccydynia
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Coccydynia |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: Patrick Foye, MD, Associate Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehab., UMDNJ-NJMS [1]
Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [3] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Overview
Coccydynia is a medical term meaning pain in the coccyx or tailbone area, usually brought on by sitting.
Synonyms
Coccydynia is also known as coccygodynia, coccygeal pain, coccyx pain, coccaglia or (in layperson's terms) buttache.
Diagnosis
A number of different conditions can cause pain in the general area of the coccyx, but not all involve the coccyx and the muscles attached to it. The first task of diagnosis is to determine whether the pain is related to the coccyx. Physical examination, high resolution x-rays and MRI scans can rule out various causes unrelated to the coccyx, such as Tarlov cysts and pain referred from higher up the spine. Note that, contrary to most anatomical text books, most coccyxes consist of several segments: 'fractured coccyx' is often diagnosed when the coccyx is in fact normal or just dislocated at an intercoccygeal joint [1] [2].
A simple test to determine whether the coccyx is involved is injection of local anesthetic into the area. If the pain relates to the coccyx, this should produce immediate relief [3].
If the anesthetic test proves positive, then a dynamic (sit/stand) x-ray or MRI scan may show whether the coccyx dislocates when the patient sits [4].
Use of dynamic x-rays on 208 patients who gave positive results with the anesthetic test showed:
22% Posterior luxation (partial dislocation of the coccyx backwards when sitting)
5% Anterior luxation (partial dislocation of the coccyx forwards when sitting)
27% Hypermobility (excessive flexing of the coccyx forwards and upwards when sitting)
14% Spicule (bony spur) on the coccyx
31% Not possible to identify the cause of pain
This study found that the pattern of lesions was different depending on the obesity of the patients: obese patients were most likely to have posterior luxation of the coccyx, while thin patients were most likely to have coccygeal spicules.
Natural History
In many cases the exact cause is not known.
Coccydynia is often reported following a fall or after childbirth. In some cases, persistent pressure from activities like bicycling may cause the onset of coccyx pain. [5] Coccydynia due to these causes usually is not permanent, but it may become very persistent and chronic if not controlled.
Rarely, coccydynia is due to the undiagnosed presence of a sacrococcygeal teratoma or other tumor in the vicinity of the coccyx. In these cases, appropriate treatment usually involves surgery and/or chemotherapy.
Clinical Features
Activities that put pressure on the affected area are bicycling, horseback riding, and other activities such as increased sitting that put direct stress on the coccyx. The medical condition is often characterized by pain that worsens with constipation and may be relieved with bowel movement. Rarely, even sexual intercourse can aggravate symptoms.
Non-Surgical Treatment
Since sitting on the affected area may aggravate the condition, a cushion with a cutout at the back under the coccyx is recommended (the donut cushion traditionally recommended by doctors is generally useless for this condition). If there is tailbone pain with bowel movements, then stool softeners and increased fiber in the diet may help. For prolonged cases, anti-inflammatory or pain-relieving drugs may be prescribed. The use of anti-depressants such as Elavil (amiltriptyline) may help alleviate constant pain. Local nerve blocks are often beneficial. Tailbone pain doctors specializing in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at New Jersey Medical School have published that sometimes even just a single local nerve block injection at the ganglion impar can give 100% relief of coccydynia when performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Reference Foye 2006
Surgical Treatment
In rare cases, surgery to remove the coccyx (coccygectomy) may be required.
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Idiopathic coccygodynia. Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 1983 Oct; 65(8): 1116-1124. Postacchini F, Massobrio M
- ↑ Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei Medical Journal, 1999 Jun, 40:3, 215-20. Kim NH; Suk KS
- ↑ Coccydynia/Levator Syndrome, A Therapeutic Test. Techniques In Coloproctology, Volume 4 - No.1 - 1996. Fred A. Marx
- ↑ Causes and Mechanisms of Common Coccydynia: Role of Body Mass Index and Coccygeal Trauma. Spine, volume 25, number 23, 2000, 3072-3079. Maigne, J-Y, Doursounian, L, and Chatellier, G.
- ↑ Foye P, Buttaci C, Stitik T, Yonclas P (2006). "Successful injection for coccyx pain". Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 85 (9): 783–4. PMID 16924191.
Template:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue Template:SIB