Respiratory failure

Respiratory failure
ICD-10	J96
ICD-9	518.81
DiseasesDB	6623
eMedicine	med/2011
MeSH	D012131

WikiDoc Resources for Respiratory failure
Articles
Most recent articles on Respiratory failure Most cited articles on Respiratory failure Review articles on Respiratory failure Articles on Respiratory failure in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Respiratory failure Images of Respiratory failure Photos of Respiratory failure Podcasts & MP3s on Respiratory failure Videos on Respiratory failure
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Respiratory failure Bandolier on Respiratory failure TRIP on Respiratory failure
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Respiratory failure at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Respiratory failure Clinical Trials on Respiratory failure at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Respiratory failure NICE Guidance on Respiratory failure NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Respiratory failure CDC on Respiratory failure
Books
Books on Respiratory failure
News
Respiratory failure in the news Be alerted to news on Respiratory failure News trends on Respiratory failure
Commentary
Blogs on Respiratory failure
Definitions
Definitions of Respiratory failure
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Respiratory failure Discussion groups on Respiratory failure Patient Handouts on Respiratory failure Directions to Hospitals Treating Respiratory failure Risk calculators and risk factors for Respiratory failure
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Respiratory failure Causes & Risk Factors for Respiratory failure Diagnostic studies for Respiratory failure Treatment of Respiratory failure
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Respiratory failure
International
Respiratory failure en Espanol Respiratory failure en Francais
Business
Respiratory failure in the Marketplace Patents on Respiratory failure
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Respiratory failure

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [3] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

Overview

Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. Respiratory failure can be indicated by observing a drop in blood oxygen level (hypoxemia) and/or a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) which can be written as (PaO2 < 60 mmHg, PaCO2 >45 mmHg).

Classification into type I or type II relates to the absence or presence of hypercapnia respectively. (Values in kPA being PO2 below 8kPA and PCO2 above 6.7kPa

Types

Type 1

• Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as hypoxia without hypercapnia, indeed the CO₂ level may be normal or low. It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion mismatch; the air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs. This type is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation like:

1.parenchymal disease (v-q mismatch)

2.diseases of vasculature and shunts.

Type 2

• Type 2 respiratory failure is defined build up of carbon dioxide that has been generated by the body. The underlying causes are reduced breathing effort (in the fatigued patient), increased resistance to breathing (such as in asthma) or an increase in the area of the lung that is not available for gas exchange (such as in emphysema).

Causes

• Pulmonary dysfunction
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic obstructive airway disease
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a specific and life-threatening type of respiratory failure.
  • Cystic Fibrosis
• Cardiac dysfunction
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Arrhythmia
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Heart valve pathology
• Other
  • Fatigue due to prolonged tachypnoea in metabolic acidosis
  • Intoxication with drugs (i.e. morphine, benzodiazepines) suppresses respiration.

Complete Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Respiratory Failure

(In alphabetical order)

3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate Abrin Acetylsalicylic acid Achondrogenesis Acute lung syndrome Acute motor axonal neuropathy Acute Porphyria Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Alcohol Aldicarb Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency Alpha-amanitin Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Anaphylaxis Angioedema Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Asbestosis Aspiration Atelectasis Atelosteogenesis, type II Atrial septal defect (ostium primum) Babesiosis Barium nitrate Becker's muscular dystrophy Bland-White-Garland Syndrome Blood transfusion Botulism Bronchial asthma Bronchiectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Bronchogenic carcinoma Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Bufotenin Bungarotoxin Carbon monoxide poisoning Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clitocybe dealbata Clozapine Coal worker pneumoconiosis Cocaine Codeine Colchicine Cone snail Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung Cystic fibrosis Cytisine Devic's disease Dicofol Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy Ebstein anomaly Eisenmenger syndrome Elecrolyte abnormalities Emphysema Eosinophilic pneumonia EVAR Fallot tetralogy Familial dysautonomia Fat embolism Fentanyl Fetal circulation, persistent Fibrosing alveolitis Flail chest Foreign body Furfural Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid Glotto Emphysema Glycogen storage disease type I Guillain-Barre syndrome

Hamman-Rich Syndrome Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Heartworm Hemosiderosis Hepatic failure Hepatopulmonary syndrome Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Heroin Human ehrlichiosis Infant respiratory distress syndrome Interstitial fibrosis Ketamine Kyphoscoliosis Labetalol Laryngo-/Bronchospasm Legionella pneumophila Lidocaine Lorazepam Malignant hyperpyrexia Malignant Mesothelioma Marine toxins Meningitis Metabolic Acidosis Morphine Multiple chemical sensitivity Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Muscarine Myasthenia Gravis Near-drowning Nitrazepam Omphalitis Opiate Osteogenesis imperfecta Oxymorphone Pleural effusion Pneumonia Pneumothorax Polio Polyrediculitis Post-polio syndrome Potter syndrome Pre-eclampsia Procainamide (patient information) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary oedema Pulmonary valve stenosis Rabies Respiratory distress syndrome (neonatal) Restrictive Lung Disease Reye's syndrome Satoyoshi syndrome Saxitoxin Sepsis Smoke inhalation Snakebites (Patient information) Sodium thiopental Status asthmaticus Sulphur dioxide Tetanus Tetracycline antibiotics Tetrodotoxin Thanatophoric dysplasia Tick paralysis Transposition of great arteries Triazolam Tricuspid valve stenosis Ventricular septal defect Vinyl chloride Zellweger syndrome Zopiclone

Treatment

Emergency treatment follows the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Treatment of the underlying cause is required. Mechanical ventilation may be required.

External Links

eMedicine Respiratory Failure [4]

de:Ateminsuffizienz no:Respirasjonssvikt fr:Insuffisance respiratoire