Renal cell carcinoma (patient information): Difference between revisions
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==What is | ==What is renal cell carcinoma?== | ||
[[Image:Renal cell ca.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Renal cell carcinoma: This 8-centimeter carcinoma of the lower pole of the kidney shows extension beyond the cortical surface, but it does not infiltrate the perinephric adipose tissue. Microscopically, it is of the clear cell type.]] | [[Image:Renal cell ca.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Renal cell carcinoma: This 8-centimeter carcinoma of the lower pole of the kidney shows extension beyond the cortical surface, but it does not infiltrate the perinephric adipose tissue. Microscopically, it is of the clear cell type.]] | ||
Renal cell carcinoma is also called hypernephroma or renal cancer. Kidneys are fist-sized peritoneum organs on either side of the backbone. The function of kidneys is to filter and clean your blood, take out waste products and make urine. Usually, renal cell carcinoma originates in the lining of tiny tubes. renal cell carcinoma doesn't have any early symptoms. With the development of the cancer, frequent symptoms include blood in your urine, [[pain]] in your side, a [[lump]] in your abdomen and unexplained [[weight loss]]. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or biologic therapy. | |||
==How do I know if I have | ==How do I know if I have renal cell carcinoma and what are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?== | ||
Early | Early renal cell carcinoma does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms: | ||
:*[[Hematuria]] (blood in the urine) | :*[[Hematuria]] (blood in the urine) | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell his/her doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. | Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell his/her doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. | ||
==Who is at risk for | ==Who is at risk for renal cell carcinoma?== | ||
Clinical data has suggested that the development of | Clinical data has suggested that the development of renal cell carcinoma is related to several factors. | ||
'''Genetic and hereditary risk factors''' | '''Genetic and hereditary risk factors''' | ||
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:*[[Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma]] | :*[[Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma]] | ||
:*[[Hereditary leiomyomatosis | :*[[Hereditary leiomyomatosis]] | ||
:*[[Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome]] | :*[[Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome]] | ||
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:*Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma. | :*Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma. | ||
:*Obesity: Clinical surveys demonstrate that | :*Obesity: Clinical surveys demonstrate that renal cell carcinoma has a close relationship with people who are very overweight. | ||
:*Workplace exposures: Clinical studies have suggested that workplace exposure to certain substances such as asbestos, cadmium, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, particularly trichloroethylene, may increase the risk for | :*Workplace exposures: Clinical studies have suggested that workplace exposure to certain substances such as asbestos, cadmium, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, particularly trichloroethylene, may increase the risk for renal cell carcinoma. | ||
'''Drugs''': Some studies have suggested that phenacetin (non-prescription pain reliever) and diuretics (medicines uesd to treat hypertension or heart failure by causing the kidneys to remove salt and fluid from the body) may be linked to | '''Drugs''': Some studies have suggested that phenacetin (non-prescription pain reliever) and diuretics (medicines uesd to treat hypertension or heart failure by causing the kidneys to remove salt and fluid from the body) may be linked to renal cell carcinoma. | ||
'''Advanced kidney disease''': People with advanced kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of | '''Advanced kidney disease''': People with advanced kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of renal cell carcinoma. The reasons may be the accumulation of the metabolic toxin. | ||
'''A family history of | '''A family history of renal cell carcinoma''' | ||
'''[[Hypertension]]''' | '''[[Hypertension]]''' | ||
'''Gender''': Men have about twice the risk of developing | '''Gender''': Men have about twice the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma than women. | ||
'''Race''': Epidemical data shows that African Americans have a slightly higher rate of | '''Race''': Epidemical data shows that African Americans have a slightly higher rate of renal cell carcinoma than other races. | ||
==How to know you have | ==How to know you have renal cell carcinoma?== | ||
'''Lab Tests''' | '''Lab Tests''' | ||
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:*Urinalysis: This is the most common test for urinary system diseases. Red blood cells and white blood cells may be detected by the test. | :*Urinalysis: This is the most common test for urinary system diseases. Red blood cells and white blood cells may be detected by the test. | ||
:*Blood chemistry tests: The levels of certain chemicals in the blood may be affected in patients with | :*Blood chemistry tests: The levels of certain chemicals in the blood may be affected in patients with renal cell carcinoma. | ||
:*Complete blood count: [[Anemia]] is very common in | :*Complete blood count: [[Anemia]] is very common in renal cell carcinoma patients. Sometimes erythropoietin which is a kind of hormone, is made by the cancerous cells and can produce too many red blood cells. | ||
'''Ultrasonography''': This is an painless test which uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. Because tumors generate different echoes of sound waves than normal tissue, the doctor can locate a mass inside the body. | '''Ultrasonography''': This is an painless test which uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. Because tumors generate different echoes of sound waves than normal tissue, the doctor can locate a mass inside the body. | ||
'''Computed tomography (CT) scan and [[biopsy]]''': CT scans are often used to diagnose | '''Computed tomography (CT) scan and [[biopsy]]''': CT scans are often used to diagnose renal cell carcinoma. It can confirm the location of the cancer and show the organs near the kidneys, as well as lymph nodes and distant organs where the cancer might have spread. These are helpful for determining the stage of the cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option. CT scans can also be used to guide [[biopsy]] and a biopsy sample is usually removed and looked at under a microscope. | ||
'''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)''': An MRI uses magnetic fields but it is a different type of image than what is produced by computed tomography (CT) and produces detailed images of the body. Like computed tomography (CT), a contrast agent may be injected into a patient’s vein to create a better picture. | '''Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)''': An MRI uses magnetic fields but it is a different type of image than what is produced by computed tomography (CT) and produces detailed images of the body. Like computed tomography (CT), a contrast agent may be injected into a patient’s vein to create a better picture. | ||
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==When to seek urgent medical care== | ==When to seek urgent medical care== | ||
Call your health care provider if symptoms of | Call your health care provider if symptoms of renal cell carcinoma develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible: | ||
:*Severe low back pain or [[abdominal pain]] | :*Severe low back [[pain]] or [[abdominal pain]] | ||
:*Large [[hematuria]] | :*Large [[hematuria]] | ||
| Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
==Treatment options== | ==Treatment options== | ||
Patients with | Patients with renal cell carcinoma have many treatment options. The selection depends on the stage of the tumor. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic drugs treatment, or a combination of these methods. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. [[Side effect]] may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next. | ||
:*Surgery: Surgery is the main treatment for most | :*Surgery: Surgery is the main treatment for most renal cell carcinoma. Surgical removal of all or part of the kidney (nephrectomy) is recommended. The types of surgery for renal cell carcinoma include radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, regional lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection), partial nephrectomy (nephron-sparing surgery) and so on. | ||
:*Radiation therapy: This therapy does not usually work well for | :*Radiation therapy: This therapy does not usually work well for renal cell carcinoma. In some cases, hormone treatments may reduce the growth of the tumor. | ||
:*Chemotherapy: This is also generally not effective for treating | :*Chemotherapy: This is also generally not effective for treating renal cell carcinoma. The drug such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) is not recommended for use because of its toxicity. | ||
:*Biologic drug treatment (Immunotherapy): This is a newer therapy. Until recently, this was the most common first-line therapy for advanced | :*Biologic drug treatment (Immunotherapy): This is a newer therapy. Until recently, this was the most common first-line therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. The goal of this therapy is to boost the body's immune system to fight off or destroy cancer cells more effectively. Usual drugs include sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), bevacizumab (Avastin) and temsirolimus (Torisel). | ||
==Diseases with similar symptoms== | ==Diseases with similar symptoms== | ||
| Line 115: | Line 115: | ||
:*Urinary tract tuberculosis | :*Urinary tract tuberculosis | ||
==Where to find medical care for | ==Where to find medical care for renal cell carcinoma== | ||
[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}| | [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|renal cell carcinoma}}}}&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=65.008093,112.148438&ie=UTF8&ll=37.0625,-95.677068&spn=91.690419,149.414063&z=2&source=embed Directions to Hospitals Treating renal cell carcinoma] | ||
==Prevention of | ==Prevention of renal cell carcinoma== | ||
Although the reasons for the development of | Although the reasons for the development of renal cell carcinoma are not clear, epidemic data shows the following intervention may help to reduce your risk of renal cell carcinoma: | ||
:*Early screening and treating genetic and hereditary diseases | :*Early screening and treating genetic and hereditary diseases | ||
Revision as of 20:07, 23 September 2009
Editor-in-Chief: Jinhui Wu, MD
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What is renal cell carcinoma?
Renal cell carcinoma is also called hypernephroma or renal cancer. Kidneys are fist-sized peritoneum organs on either side of the backbone. The function of kidneys is to filter and clean your blood, take out waste products and make urine. Usually, renal cell carcinoma originates in the lining of tiny tubes. renal cell carcinoma doesn't have any early symptoms. With the development of the cancer, frequent symptoms include blood in your urine, pain in your side, a lump in your abdomen and unexplained weight loss. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or biologic therapy.
How do I know if I have renal cell carcinoma and what are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?
Early renal cell carcinoma does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
- Hematuria (blood in the urine)
- Lower back pain on one side
- A mass or lump on one side of the lower back
- Fatigue and unexplained weight loss
- Edema (swelling of ankles and legs)
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell his/her doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.
Who is at risk for renal cell carcinoma?
Clinical data has suggested that the development of renal cell carcinoma is related to several factors.
Genetic and hereditary risk factors
Lifestyle-related and job-related risk factors
- Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.
- Obesity: Clinical surveys demonstrate that renal cell carcinoma has a close relationship with people who are very overweight.
- Workplace exposures: Clinical studies have suggested that workplace exposure to certain substances such as asbestos, cadmium, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, particularly trichloroethylene, may increase the risk for renal cell carcinoma.
Drugs: Some studies have suggested that phenacetin (non-prescription pain reliever) and diuretics (medicines uesd to treat hypertension or heart failure by causing the kidneys to remove salt and fluid from the body) may be linked to renal cell carcinoma.
Advanced kidney disease: People with advanced kidney disease, especially those needing dialysis, have a higher risk of renal cell carcinoma. The reasons may be the accumulation of the metabolic toxin.
A family history of renal cell carcinoma
Gender: Men have about twice the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma than women.
Race: Epidemical data shows that African Americans have a slightly higher rate of renal cell carcinoma than other races.
How to know you have renal cell carcinoma?
Lab Tests
- Urinalysis: This is the most common test for urinary system diseases. Red blood cells and white blood cells may be detected by the test.
- Blood chemistry tests: The levels of certain chemicals in the blood may be affected in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
- Complete blood count: Anemia is very common in renal cell carcinoma patients. Sometimes erythropoietin which is a kind of hormone, is made by the cancerous cells and can produce too many red blood cells.
Ultrasonography: This is an painless test which uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs. Because tumors generate different echoes of sound waves than normal tissue, the doctor can locate a mass inside the body.
Computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy: CT scans are often used to diagnose renal cell carcinoma. It can confirm the location of the cancer and show the organs near the kidneys, as well as lymph nodes and distant organs where the cancer might have spread. These are helpful for determining the stage of the cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option. CT scans can also be used to guide biopsy and a biopsy sample is usually removed and looked at under a microscope.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI uses magnetic fields but it is a different type of image than what is produced by computed tomography (CT) and produces detailed images of the body. Like computed tomography (CT), a contrast agent may be injected into a patient’s vein to create a better picture.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: When doing this test, a small amount of a radioactive medium is injected into your body and absorbed by the organs or tissues. This radioactive substance gives off energy which in turn is used to produce the images. PET can provide more helpful information than either CT or MRI scans. It is useful to see if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes and it is also useful for your doctor to locate where the cancer has spread.
Chest X-ray: This plain x-ray of your chest may be done to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs.
Whole Bone Scan: The goal of a whole body bone scan is to show if a cancer has metastasized to your bones.
When to seek urgent medical care
Call your health care provider if symptoms of renal cell carcinoma develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
- Severe low back pain or abdominal pain
- Large hematuria
Treatment options
Patients with renal cell carcinoma have many treatment options. The selection depends on the stage of the tumor. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic drugs treatment, or a combination of these methods. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. Side effect may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next.
- Surgery: Surgery is the main treatment for most renal cell carcinoma. Surgical removal of all or part of the kidney (nephrectomy) is recommended. The types of surgery for renal cell carcinoma include radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephrectomy, regional lymphadenectomy (lymph node dissection), partial nephrectomy (nephron-sparing surgery) and so on.
- Radiation therapy: This therapy does not usually work well for renal cell carcinoma. In some cases, hormone treatments may reduce the growth of the tumor.
- Chemotherapy: This is also generally not effective for treating renal cell carcinoma. The drug such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) is not recommended for use because of its toxicity.
- Biologic drug treatment (Immunotherapy): This is a newer therapy. Until recently, this was the most common first-line therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. The goal of this therapy is to boost the body's immune system to fight off or destroy cancer cells more effectively. Usual drugs include sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), bevacizumab (Avastin) and temsirolimus (Torisel).
Diseases with similar symptoms
Other health problems may also cause similar symptoms. Go to see your doctor to verify your diseases as early as possible. Diseases with similar symptoms are listed in the following:
- Urinary calculi
- Urinary tract infection
- Urinary tract tuberculosis
Where to find medical care for renal cell carcinoma
Directions to Hospitals Treating renal cell carcinoma
Prevention of renal cell carcinoma
Although the reasons for the development of renal cell carcinoma are not clear, epidemic data shows the following intervention may help to reduce your risk of renal cell carcinoma:
- Early screening and treating genetic and hereditary diseases
- Changing lifestyle: Quitting smoking and controlling weight.
- Decreasing exposure to job-related risk factors such as asbestos, cadmium, some herbicides, benzene, and organic solvents, particularly trichloroethylene.
- Early detection and control of hypertension
- Early treatment of advanced kidney diseases
- Taking medicine under the doctors' direction
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)
The outcome depends on:
- The stage of the cancer: the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread outside the kidneys.
- The individual's response to treatment
Copyleft Sources
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneycancer.html