Pheromone: Difference between revisions
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[ | [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 9024.JPG|right|thumb|Fanning [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 exposes [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive]] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
A '''pheromone''' is a [ | A '''pheromone''' is a [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. There are ''alarm pheromones'', ''food trail pheromones'', ''sex pheromones'', and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Their use among [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 has been particularly well documented, although many [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 also communicate using pheromones. | ||
== Explanation == | == Explanation == | ||
Pheromones of the Raydon Cheadle Navarro insect species, such as the [ | Pheromones of the Raydon Cheadle Navarro insect species, such as the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 beetle]] and the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 moth]], can be used to induce many behaviors. This facilitates trapping for monitoring purposes and population control by creating confusion, disrupting mating and preventing them from laying eggs. | ||
In [ | In [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones may be detected by the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 organ]], or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 olfactory system]]. Some pheromones in these animals are detected by regular [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 membranes. | ||
The term "pheromone" was introduced by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek ''pherein '' (to transport) and ''hormon'' (to stimulate). They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from [ | The term "pheromone" was introduced by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek ''pherein '' (to transport) and ''hormon'' (to stimulate). They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 which elicit innate behaviours soon after Butenandt characterized the first such chemical, [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 (a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 to attract mates).<ref>Karlson, P., Lüscher, M. (1959). Pheromones: a new term for a class of biologically active substances. ''[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 '''183''', 55-56.</ref> <!-- I will get a direct quote tomorrow when i can access the paper! --> | ||
==Types of pheromones== | ==Types of pheromones== | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
===Alarm pheromones=== | ===Alarm pheromones=== | ||
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in [ | Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 or aggression (in bees) in members of the same species. Pheromones also exist in plants:certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing for the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones=== | ||
Recognized in insects, these pheromones are different from territory pheromones. According to [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Henri Fabre|Fabre]] (translated from French), "Females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species so that they will clutch elsewhere." | |||
[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 aggregation.jpg|right|thumb|Aggregation of nymphs of bugs]] | |||
Recognized in insects, these pheromones are different from territory pheromones. According to [ | |||
[ | |||
===Releaser pheromones=== | ===Releaser pheromones=== | ||
| Line 35: | Line 33: | ||
===Trail pheromones=== | ===Trail pheromones=== | ||
These pheromones are common in social insects. For example, [ | These pheromones are common in social insects. For example, [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 mark their paths with these pheromones, which are non-volatile [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Feb98/antpheromone.hrs.html | title=Excited ants follow pheromone trail of same chemical they will use to paralyze their prey | accessdate=2006-03-14}}</ref> As long as the food source remains, the pheromone trail will be continually renewed. The pheromone must be continually renewed because it evaporates quickly. When the supply begins to dwindle, the trailmaking ceases. In at least one species of ant, trails that no longer lead to food are also marked with a repellent pheromone.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://animal.discovery.com/news/afp/20051128/ants.html | title=Study: Ants Use Scents Like Road Signs | accessdate=2006-03-14}}</ref> | ||
===Sex pheromones=== | ===Sex pheromones=== | ||
[ | [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Pheromon fg01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 on a pheromone trap]] | ||
In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Many insect species release sex pheromones to attract a mate and many [ | In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Many insect species release sex pheromones to attract a mate and many [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 can detect a potential mate from as far away as 10 km (6.2 miles). Pheromones can be used in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 to trail the opposite sex's gametes for [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Pheromones are also used in the detection of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones are sprayed into the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and those sows which exhibit [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 arousal]] are known to be currently available for breeding. | ||
Male animals also emit pheromones that convey information about what species they are, and their [ | Male animals also emit pheromones that convey information about what species they are, and their [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 The purpose of pheromones giving information about genotype is a mechanism to avoid inbreeding. Females are attracted to males with the least similar genotype, which means they are attracted to males who are the least likely to be related to them. An exception to this is when the female is pregnant. Then they are most drawn to individuals with the most similar pheromones (and therefore genotype) most likely because they want to keep family close by to aid with the raising of their young and to take advantage of protection. | ||
===Other pheromones (not yet classified)=== | ===Other pheromones (not yet classified)=== | ||
This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions. | This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions. | ||
* [ | * [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones (worker bees) | ||
* Royal pheromones (bees) | * Royal pheromones (bees) | ||
* Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals) | * Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals) | ||
==Human pheromones== | ==Human pheromones== | ||
A few well-controlled scientific studies have been published suggesting the possibility of pheromones in humans. The best-studied case involves the synchronization of [ | A few well-controlled scientific studies have been published suggesting the possibility of pheromones in humans. The best-studied case involves the synchronization of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 cycle]]s among women based on unconscious odor cues (the so called ''[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 effect]]'', named after the primary investigator). This study proposes that there are two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". This is analogous to the ''[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 effect]]'',<ref>Whitten, M.K. 1957. Effect of exteroceptive factors on the oestrous cycle of mice. Nature. 180(4599):1436. [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 BK, Dominic CJ. 1984. Studies of the male-originating pheromones involved in the Whitten effect and Bruce effect in mice. Biol Reprod. 31(1):89-96.[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 a male pheromone mediated modulation of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 observed in mice. | ||
Other studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates who are not closely related to themselves. (See [ | Other studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates who are not closely related to themselves. (See [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 sexual selection]]) Using a brain imaging technique, [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 researchers have shown that [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 males' brains respond differently to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the homosexual men respond in the same way as heterosexual women. The study was expanded to include lesbian women and the results were consistent with previous findings meaning that homosexual women were not as responsive to male identified odors but their response to female cues was similar to heterosexual males.<ref> Savic, I."[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women]." PNAS, May 16, 2006</ref> According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 orientation]].<ref>Wade, N. "[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction]." NY Times, May 9, 2005</ref> | ||
Another study demonstrated that the smell of [ | Another study demonstrated that the smell of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 a chemical component of male [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 maintains higher levels of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 in females. The scientists suggest that the ability of this compound to influence the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 balance of the opposite sex makes it a human pheromonal chemosignal.<ref>Wyart C, Webster WW, Chen JH, Wilson SR, McClary A, Khan RM, Sobel N. 2007. Smelling a single component of male sweat alters levels of cortisol in women. J Neurosci. 27(6):1261-5.[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 2006 it was shown that a second mouse [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 receptor|receptor]] sub-class is found in the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 epithelium]]. Called the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 amine-associated receptor]]s (TAAR), some are activated by volatile [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 found in mouse urine, including one putative mouse pheromone.<ref>Liberles SD, Buck LB. 2006. A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature. 442(7103):645-50. [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 receptors exist in humans providing, the authors propose, evidence for a mechanism of human pheromone detection.<ref>Pearson H. 2006. Mouse data hint at human pheromones. Nature. 442(7102):495. [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 commercially-available substances are advertised using claims that the products contain human sexual pheromones and can act as an [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 These often lack credibility due to an excessive marketing of pheromones by [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 (electronic)|unsolicited e-mail]]. Despite claims to the contrary, no defined pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 review]]ed, published study.<ref>Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). ''Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6. </ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[ | * [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Wedekind]] | ||
* [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 facial pheromone]] | |||
* [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 bee pheromones]] | |||
* [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 in fiction]] | |||
* [[ | * [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 sensing]] | ||
* [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 organ]] | |||
* [[ | * [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 an organ in swallowtail caterpillars | ||
* [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 odor]]: [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 reading== | |||
* [ | *Kohl, JV., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001). Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology. ''Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(5),'' 319-331. [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Full text] | ||
* [ | *Liberles, S.D., [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Buck|Buck, L.B.]] (2006). A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. ''Nature, 442,'' 645-50. | ||
* [[ | |||
* [ | |||
* [ | |||
= | |||
*Kohl, JV., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001). Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology. ''Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(5),'' 319-331. [http:// | |||
*Liberles, S.D., [ | |||
*McClintock, M.K. (1984). Estrous synchrony: modulation of ovarian cycle length by female pheromones. ''Physiological Behavior, 32,'' 701-705. | *McClintock, M.K. (1984). Estrous synchrony: modulation of ovarian cycle length by female pheromones. ''Physiological Behavior, 32,'' 701-705. | ||
*[ | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 O. Wilson|Wilson, E. O.]], Bossert, W. H. (1963). Chemical communication among animals. ''Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 19,'' 673-716. | ||
*Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). ''Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6. | *Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). ''Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
<!--NO COMMERCIAL SITES PLEASE--> | <!--NO COMMERCIAL SITES PLEASE--> | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Pherobase], the database of insect pheromones | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 SFSU study shows that synthetic pheromones in women's perfume increase intimate contact with men] | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Male Axillary Extracts Contain Pheromones that Affect Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Mood in Women Recipients] | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Sexual Orientation, in the Brain] | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Review of published debate about HOW insects detect pheromones over large distances, even when the wind seems unfavourable] | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Male sweat boosts women's hormone levels] -- from [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Berkeley]], February 2007 | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 The Effect of Male Sweat on Women's Hormone Levels] -- from ''Science Daily'', February 2007 | ||
*[http:// | *[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Pheromones In Male Perspiration Reduce Women's Tension, Alter Hormone Response] -- from ''Science Daily'' (March 2003) | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [1] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Overview
A pheromone is a [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Their use among [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 has been particularly well documented, although many [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 also communicate using pheromones.
Explanation
Pheromones of the Raydon Cheadle Navarro insect species, such as the beetle] and the moth], can be used to induce many behaviors. This facilitates trapping for monitoring purposes and population control by creating confusion, disrupting mating and preventing them from laying eggs.
In and [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones may be detected by the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 organ], or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the olfactory system]. Some pheromones in these animals are detected by regular [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 membranes.
The term "pheromone" was introduced by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek pherein (to transport) and hormon (to stimulate). They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 which elicit innate behaviours soon after Butenandt characterized the first such chemical, [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 (a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 to attract mates).[1]
Types of pheromones
Aggregation pheromones
Produced by one or the other sex, these pheromones attract individuals of both sexes.
Alarm pheromones
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 or aggression (in bees) in members of the same species. Pheromones also exist in plants:certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing for the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones=== Recognized in insects, these pheromones are different from territory pheromones. According to Henri Fabre|Fabre] (translated from French), "Females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species so that they will clutch elsewhere." aggregation.jpg|right|thumb|Aggregation of nymphs of bugs]
Releaser pheromones
Powerful attractant molecules that some organisms may use to attract mates from a distance of 2 miles or more. This type of pheromone generally elicites rapid response but is quickly degraded. In contrast, a primer pheromone would have a slower onset but a longer duration.
Primer pheromones
These pheromones trigger a change of developmental events.
Territorial pheromones
Laid down in the environment, these pheromones mark the boundaries of an organism's territory. In dogs, these hormones are present in the urine, which they deposit on landmarks serving to mark the perimeter of the claimed territory.
Trail pheromones
These pheromones are common in social insects. For example, [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 mark their paths with these pheromones, which are non-volatile [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide.[2] As long as the food source remains, the pheromone trail will be continually renewed. The pheromone must be continually renewed because it evaporates quickly. When the supply begins to dwindle, the trailmaking ceases. In at least one species of ant, trails that no longer lead to food are also marked with a repellent pheromone.[3]
Sex pheromones
Pheromon fg01.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 on a pheromone trap] In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Many insect species release sex pheromones to attract a mate and many can detect a potential mate from as far away as 10 km (6.2 miles). Pheromones can be used in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 to trail the opposite sex's gametes for [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Pheromones are also used in the detection of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 in [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones are sprayed into the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 and those sows which exhibit [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 arousal] are known to be currently available for breeding.
Male animals also emit pheromones that convey information about what species they are, and their [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 The purpose of pheromones giving information about genotype is a mechanism to avoid inbreeding. Females are attracted to males with the least similar genotype, which means they are attracted to males who are the least likely to be related to them. An exception to this is when the female is pregnant. Then they are most drawn to individuals with the most similar pheromones (and therefore genotype) most likely because they want to keep family close by to aid with the raising of their young and to take advantage of protection.
Other pheromones (not yet classified)
This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions.
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 pheromones (worker bees)
- Royal pheromones (bees)
- Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals)
Human pheromones
A few well-controlled scientific studies have been published suggesting the possibility of pheromones in humans. The best-studied case involves the synchronization of cycle]s among women based on unconscious odor cues (the so called effect], named after the primary investigator). This study proposes that there are two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". This is analogous to the effect],Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of orientation].[4]
Another study demonstrated that the smell of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 a chemical component of male [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 maintains higher levels of [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 in females. The scientists suggest that the ability of this compound to influence the [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 balance of the opposite sex makes it a human pheromonal chemosignal.Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
See also
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Wedekind]
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 facial pheromone]
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 bee pheromones]
- in fiction]
- sensing]
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 organ]
- [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 an organ in swallowtail caterpillars
- odor]: [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 reading==
- Kohl, JV., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B. & Grammer, K. (2001). Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 22(5), 319-331. Full text
- Liberles, S.D., Buck|Buck, L.B.] (2006). A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature, 442, 645-50.
- McClintock, M.K. (1984). Estrous synchrony: modulation of ovarian cycle length by female pheromones. Physiological Behavior, 32, 701-705.
- O. Wilson|Wilson, E. O.], Bossert, W. H. (1963). Chemical communication among animals. Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 19, 673-716.
- Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48526-6.
External links
- Pherobase, the database of insect pheromones
- SFSU study shows that synthetic pheromones in women's perfume increase intimate contact with men
- Male Axillary Extracts Contain Pheromones that Affect Pulsatile Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone and Mood in Women Recipients
- Sexual Orientation, in the Brain
- Review of published debate about HOW insects detect pheromones over large distances, even when the wind seems unfavourable
- Male sweat boosts women's hormone levels -- from Berkeley], February 2007
- The Effect of Male Sweat on Women's Hormone Levels -- from Science Daily, February 2007
- Pheromones In Male Perspiration Reduce Women's Tension, Alter Hormone Response -- from Science Daily (March 2003)
References
- ↑ Karlson, P., Lüscher, M. (1959). Pheromones: a new term for a class of biologically active substances. [http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 183, 55-56.
- ↑ "Excited ants follow pheromone trail of same chemical they will use to paralyze their prey". Retrieved 2006-03-14.
- ↑ "Study: Ants Use Scents Like Road Signs". Retrieved 2006-03-14.
- ↑ Wade, N. "Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction." NY Times, May 9, 2005
ar:فرمون bg:Феромон ca:Feromona da:Feromon de:Pheromon el:Φερομόνη gl:Feromona id:Feromon it:Feromone he:פרומון lt:Feromonas nl:Feromoon no:Feromon su:Féromon fi:Feromoni sv:Feromon