Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S. | '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S. | ||
==Epidemiology | ==Epidemiology in Developed Countries== | ||
*Pericarditis most often affects men aged 20 - 50. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly [[echovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. In children, it is most commonly caused by [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. Incidence and prevalence of such pericarditis varies with season and region. Pericarditis in developed countries is most often of viral origin<ref name="pmid15001332">{{cite journal| author=Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL| title=Pericarditis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9410 | pages= 717-27 | pmid=15001332 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15001332 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16567581">{{cite journal| author=Little WC, Freeman GL| title=Pericardial disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-32 | pmid=16567581 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16567581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17826391">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E et al.| title=Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1026-8 | pmid=17826391 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17826391 }} </ref>. | *Pericarditis most often affects men aged 20 - 50. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly [[echovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. In children, it is most commonly caused by [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]]. Incidence and prevalence of such pericarditis varies with season and region. Pericarditis in developed countries is most often of viral origin<ref name="pmid15001332">{{cite journal| author=Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL| title=Pericarditis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2004 | volume= 363 | issue= 9410 | pages= 717-27 | pmid=15001332 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15001332 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16567581">{{cite journal| author=Little WC, Freeman GL| title=Pericardial disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 12 | pages= 1622-32 | pmid=16567581 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16567581 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17826391">{{cite journal| author=Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E et al.| title=Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1026-8 | pmid=17826391 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17826391 }} </ref>. | ||
==Epidemiology in Developing Countries== | |||
*Pericarditis secondary to [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid10047635">{{cite journal| author=Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M| title=Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 137 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-21 | pmid=10047635 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10047635 }} </ref> and [[tuberculosis]] is one of the major cause of acute pericarditis in developing countries. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of [[TB]] and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB<ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic [[pericardiocentesis]] in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa<ref name="pmid15962545">{{cite journal| author=Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF| title=Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-9 | pmid=15962545 | doi= | pmc=PMC2870262 | url= }} </ref> while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries<ref name="pmid3351140">{{cite journal| author=Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J| title=Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 724-8 | pmid=3351140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3351140 }} </ref>. | *Pericarditis secondary to [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid10047635">{{cite journal| author=Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M| title=Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 137 | issue= 3 | pages= 516-21 | pmid=10047635 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10047635 }} </ref> and [[tuberculosis]] is one of the major cause of acute pericarditis in developing countries. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of [[TB]] and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB<ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic [[pericardiocentesis]] in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa<ref name="pmid15962545">{{cite journal| author=Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF| title=Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-9 | pmid=15962545 | doi= | pmc=PMC2870262 | url= }} </ref> while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries<ref name="pmid3351140">{{cite journal| author=Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J| title=Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 724-8 | pmid=3351140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3351140 }} </ref>. | ||
==Pericarditis in Autoimmune Disorders== | |||
*In addition, pericarditis can be associated with diseases such as [[autoimmune disorders]], cancer, [[hypothyroidism]], and [[kidney failure]]. It occurs in approximately in 13 percent of patients who are on maintenance [[hemodialysis]]<ref name="pmid3605080">{{cite journal| author=Rutsky EA, Rostand SG| title=Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-8 | pmid=3605080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605080 }} </ref>. [[Hyperurcemia]] due to inadequate dialysis or fluid overload may be the reason for pericarditis<ref>Lundin, AP. Recurrent uremic pericarditis: A marker of inadequate dialysis. Semin Dial 1990; 3:5.</ref>. | *In addition, pericarditis can be associated with diseases such as [[autoimmune disorders]], cancer, [[hypothyroidism]], and [[kidney failure]]. It occurs in approximately in 13 percent of patients who are on maintenance [[hemodialysis]]<ref name="pmid3605080">{{cite journal| author=Rutsky EA, Rostand SG| title=Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 2-8 | pmid=3605080 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3605080 }} </ref>. [[Hyperurcemia]] due to inadequate dialysis or fluid overload may be the reason for pericarditis<ref>Lundin, AP. Recurrent uremic pericarditis: A marker of inadequate dialysis. Semin Dial 1990; 3:5.</ref>. | ||
==Pericarditis Following Myocardial Infarction== | |||
*About 1% of [[STEMI]] patients presenting to emergency department was seen to have pericarditis<ref name="pmid11146012">{{cite journal| author=Brady WJ, Perron AD, Martin ML, Beagle C, Aufderheide TP| title=Cause of ST segment abnormality in ED chest pain patients. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-8 | pmid=11146012 | doi=10.1053/ajem.2001.18029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11146012 }} </ref>. The use of [[thrombolytic]] agents and early revascularization have greatly reduced the incidence of both early postinfarction pericarditis and [[Dressler's syndrome]]. Patients presenting to the emergency department with pericarditis account for up to 5% of those with nonischemic chest pain<ref name="pmid12917306">{{cite journal| author=Spodick DH| title=Acute cardiac tamponade. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 349 | issue= 7 | pages= 684-90 | pmid=12917306 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022643 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12917306 }} </ref>. | *About 1% of [[STEMI]] patients presenting to emergency department was seen to have pericarditis<ref name="pmid11146012">{{cite journal| author=Brady WJ, Perron AD, Martin ML, Beagle C, Aufderheide TP| title=Cause of ST segment abnormality in ED chest pain patients. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-8 | pmid=11146012 | doi=10.1053/ajem.2001.18029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11146012 }} </ref>. The use of [[thrombolytic]] agents and early revascularization have greatly reduced the incidence of both early postinfarction pericarditis and [[Dressler's syndrome]]. Patients presenting to the emergency department with pericarditis account for up to 5% of those with nonischemic chest pain<ref name="pmid12917306">{{cite journal| author=Spodick DH| title=Acute cardiac tamponade. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 349 | issue= 7 | pages= 684-90 | pmid=12917306 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022643 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12917306 }} </ref>. | ||
Revision as of 12:58, 26 June 2011
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.
Epidemiology in Developed Countries
- Pericarditis most often affects men aged 20 - 50. It usually follows respiratory infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. In children, it is most commonly caused by adenovirus or coxsackie virus. Incidence and prevalence of such pericarditis varies with season and region. Pericarditis in developed countries is most often of viral origin[1][2][3].
Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Pericarditis secondary to HIV[4] and tuberculosis is one of the major cause of acute pericarditis in developing countries. Tuberculous pericarditis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is found in approximately 1% of all autopsied cases of TB and in 1% to 2% of instances of pulmonary TB[5]. It accounted for 69.5% (162 of 233) of cases referred for diagnostic pericardiocentesis in a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa[6] while the same accounts for 4% of cases in developed countries[7].
Pericarditis in Autoimmune Disorders
- In addition, pericarditis can be associated with diseases such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, hypothyroidism, and kidney failure. It occurs in approximately in 13 percent of patients who are on maintenance hemodialysis[8]. Hyperurcemia due to inadequate dialysis or fluid overload may be the reason for pericarditis[9].
Pericarditis Following Myocardial Infarction
- About 1% of STEMI patients presenting to emergency department was seen to have pericarditis[10]. The use of thrombolytic agents and early revascularization have greatly reduced the incidence of both early postinfarction pericarditis and Dressler's syndrome. Patients presenting to the emergency department with pericarditis account for up to 5% of those with nonischemic chest pain[11].
References
- ↑ Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL (2004). "Pericarditis". Lancet. 363 (9410): 717–27. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15648-1. PMID 15001332.
- ↑ Little WC, Freeman GL (2006). "Pericardial disease". Circulation. 113 (12): 1622–32. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.561514. PMID 16567581.
- ↑ Imazio M, Brucato A, Adler Y, Brambilla G, Artom G, Cecchi E; et al. (2007). "Prognosis of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis as determined from previously published reports". Am J Cardiol. 100 (6): 1026–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.04.047. PMID 17826391.
- ↑ Chen Y, Brennessel D, Walters J, Johnson M, Rosner F, Raza M (1999). "Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pericardial effusion: report of 40 cases and review of the literature". Am Heart J. 137 (3): 516–21. PMID 10047635.
- ↑ Fowler NO (1991). "Tuberculous pericarditis". JAMA. 266 (1): 99–103. PMID 2046135.
- ↑ Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF (2005). "Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa". Epidemiol Infect. 133 (3): 393–9. PMC 2870262. PMID 15962545.
- ↑ Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J (1988). "Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment". J Am Coll Cardiol. 11 (4): 724–8. PMID 3351140.
- ↑ Rutsky EA, Rostand SG (1987). "Treatment of uremic pericarditis and pericardial effusion". Am J Kidney Dis. 10 (1): 2–8. PMID 3605080.
- ↑ Lundin, AP. Recurrent uremic pericarditis: A marker of inadequate dialysis. Semin Dial 1990; 3:5.
- ↑ Brady WJ, Perron AD, Martin ML, Beagle C, Aufderheide TP (2001). "Cause of ST segment abnormality in ED chest pain patients". Am J Emerg Med. 19 (1): 25–8. doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.18029. PMID 11146012.
- ↑ Spodick DH (2003). "Acute cardiac tamponade". N Engl J Med. 349 (7): 684–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022643. PMID 12917306.