Pericardial friction rub: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The '''pericardial friction rub''', also '''pericardial rub''', is a [[Medical sign|sign]] on the [[precordial exam]], detected by [[auscultation]], that suggests irritation of the [[pericardium]] and the diagnosis of [[pericarditis]]. Inflammation of the pericardial sac causes the parietal and visceral surfaces of the roughened [[pericardium]] to rub against each other. This produces an [[extra cardiac sound]] of to-and-fro character with both systolic and diastolic components. One, two, or three components of a pericardial friction rub may be audible. A three-component rub indicates the presence of [[pericarditis]] and serves to distinguish a pericardial rub from a pleural friction rub, which ordinarily has two components. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and is often described as grating, scratching, or rasping. The sound seems very close to the ear and may seem louder than or may even mask the other heart sounds. Friction rubs are usually best heard between the apex and sternum but may be widespread. The sound has three parts. Two diastolic, and one systolic. | The '''pericardial friction rub''', also '''pericardial rub''', is a [[Medical sign|sign]] on the [[precordial exam]], detected by [[auscultation]], that suggests irritation of the [[pericardium]] and the diagnosis of [[pericarditis]]. Inflammation of the pericardial sac causes the parietal and visceral surfaces of the roughened [[pericardium]] to rub against each other. This produces an [[extra cardiac sound]] of to-and-fro character with both systolic and diastolic components. One, two, or three components of a pericardial friction rub may be audible. A three-component rub indicates the presence of [[pericarditis]] and serves to distinguish a pericardial rub from a pleural friction rub, which ordinarily has two components. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and is often described as grating, scratching, or rasping. The sound seems very close to the ear and may seem louder than or may even mask the other heart sounds. Friction rubs are usually best heard between the apex and sternum but may be widespread. The sound has three parts. Two diastolic, and one systolic. | ||
== Differential Diagnosis == | == Differential Diagnosis of Underlying Causes== | ||
In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref> | In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref> | ||
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*[[HIV]] | *[[HIV]] | ||
*[[Ischemia]] | *[[Ischemia]] | ||
*Leukemic infiltration | *[[Leukemic]] infiltration | ||
*Mediastinal [[radiation]] | *Mediastinal [[radiation]] | ||
*Mediastinal emphysema | *[[Mediastinal emphysema]] | ||
*[[STEMI| | *[[STEMI|Myocardial Infarction]] | ||
*[[Myocarditis]] | *[[Myocarditis]] | ||
*[[Neoplasm]] | *[[Neoplasm]] | ||
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=== History and Symptoms === | === History and Symptoms === | ||
History includes: | |||
*Recent viral exposure | |||
*[[Fever]] | |||
*Trauma | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
A careful exam should be conducted to evaluate the patient for signs of [[cardiac tamponade]]. | |||
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=== Electrocardiogram === | === Electrocardiogram === | ||
[[ECG]] for potential [[MI]], [[pericarditis]] or other cardiac problems | |||
=== Chest X Ray === | === Chest X Ray === | ||
Depending upon the underlying cause and if an effusion is present, the chest x ray may show signs of [[cardiomegaly]] | |||
=== Echocardiography or Ultrasound === | === Echocardiography or Ultrasound === | ||
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=== Indications for Surgery === | === Indications for Surgery === | ||
An emergency [[pericardiocentesis]] is indicated in the presence of [[cardiac tamponade]], a large symptomatic [[pericardial effusion]], or to establish the diagnosis in a case of suspected malignant or tuberculous pericarditis. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:52, 1 July 2011
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Pericarditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Surgery |
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Case Studies |
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Pericardial friction rub On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pericardial friction rub |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Pericardial friction rub |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The pericardial friction rub, also pericardial rub, is a sign on the precordial exam, detected by auscultation, that suggests irritation of the pericardium and the diagnosis of pericarditis. Inflammation of the pericardial sac causes the parietal and visceral surfaces of the roughened pericardium to rub against each other. This produces an extra cardiac sound of to-and-fro character with both systolic and diastolic components. One, two, or three components of a pericardial friction rub may be audible. A three-component rub indicates the presence of pericarditis and serves to distinguish a pericardial rub from a pleural friction rub, which ordinarily has two components. It resembles the sound of squeaky leather and is often described as grating, scratching, or rasping. The sound seems very close to the ear and may seem louder than or may even mask the other heart sounds. Friction rubs are usually best heard between the apex and sternum but may be widespread. The sound has three parts. Two diastolic, and one systolic.
Differential Diagnosis of Underlying Causes
In alphabetical order. [1] [2]
- Amyloidosis
- Cardiac tamponade
- Collagen Vascular Disease
- Familial Mediterranean Fever
- HIV
- Ischemia
- Leukemic infiltration
- Mediastinal radiation
- Mediastinal emphysema
- Myocardial Infarction
- Myocarditis
- Neoplasm
- Parasitic infection
- Pleuropericardial rub
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Pericarditis
- Rheumatic Fever
- Sarcoidosis
- Sail sound of Ebstein's anomaly
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis
- Uremia
- Viral
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
History includes:
- Recent viral exposure
- Fever
- Trauma
Physical Examination
A careful exam should be conducted to evaluate the patient for signs of cardiac tamponade.
Below is the video demonstrating Pericardial friction rub:
<youtube v=EUCp_3_vwtw/>
Laboratory Findings
- Labs include:
- Cardiac enzymes
- CBC w/ differential
- ESR
- ANA
- rheumatoid factor
- BUN / creatinine
- PPD
- viral titers
- ASO titers
Electrocardiogram
ECG for potential MI, pericarditis or other cardiac problems
Chest X Ray
Depending upon the underlying cause and if an effusion is present, the chest x ray may show signs of cardiomegaly
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- Echo for pleural effusion
Treatment
- Hemodynamic stability is intact
- Supplemental oxygen
Acute Pharmacotherapies
Indications for Surgery
An emergency pericardiocentesis is indicated in the presence of cardiac tamponade, a large symptomatic pericardial effusion, or to establish the diagnosis in a case of suspected malignant or tuberculous pericarditis.
References