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New page: __NOTOC__ {{Chronic stable angina}} '''Editors-In-Chief:''' C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; {{CZ}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[J...
 
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==Lipid Management==
==Lipid Management==


*Recommended lipid management includes assessment of a fasting lipid profile.
==ACC / AHA Guidelines for cardiovascular risk factor reduction- Lipid management (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. [http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2829.full.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref><ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/159.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref><ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/50/23/2264.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref>==
{{cquote|
===Class I===
'''1.'''  Dietary therapy for all patients should include reduced intake of saturated fats (to less than 7% of total calories), transfatty acids, and cholesterol (to less than 200 mg per day). ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
 
'''2.''' Recommended lipid management includes assessment of a fasting lipid profile: ''(Level of Evidence: A)''


*'''Primary goal''' of lipid management is to achieve a '''[[LDL]]-C level of less than 100 mg/dL'''.
:'''a.''' LDL-C should be less than 100 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
:*If baseline [[LDL]]-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL lowering drug therapy should be initiated in addition to therapeutic lifestyle changes.
:*When LDL-lowering medications are used in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is recommended that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels.
:*If on-treatment LDL-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL-lowering drug therapy should be intensified.
:*If baseline LDL-C is 70 to 100 mg per dL, it is reasonable to treat LDL-C to less than 70 mg per dL.


*'''Secondary goal''' of lipid management is to achieve '''non–[[HDL]]-C‡ of less than 130 mg per dL''' if [[triglycerides]] are 200 to 499 mg per dL.
:'''b.''' If baseline [[LDL]]-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL-lowering drug therapy should be initiated in addition to therapeutic lifestyle changes. When LDL lowering medications are used in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is recommended that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve a 30% to 40% reduction in [[LDL]]-C levels.. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
:*Further reduction of non–[[HDL]]-C‡ to less than 100 mg per dL is reasonable, if [[triglycerides]] are greater than or equal to 200 to 499 mg per dL.


:*Therapeutic options to reduce non–HDL-C are:
:'''c.''' If on-treatment [[LDL]]-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL-lowering drug therapy should be intensified. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
::*[[Niacin]] can be useful as a therapeutic option to reduce non–[[HDL]]-C (after LDL-C–lowering therapy) or
::*[[Fibrate]] therapy as a therapeutic option can be useful to reduce non–[[HDL]]-C‡ (after LDL-C–lowering therapy).
::*If [[triglycerides]] are greater than or equal to 500 mg per dL, therapeutic options to lower the [[triglycerides]] to reduce the risk of [[pancreatitis]] are [[fibrate]] or [[niacin]]; these should be initiated before [[LDL]]-C lowering therapy. The goal is to achieve non–HDL-C‡ less than 130 mg per dL if possible.


*'''Other recommended strategies for lipid lowering and diet management''' are:
:'''d.''' If [[triglycerides]] are 200 to 499 mg per dL, non–[[HDL]]-C‡ should be less than 130 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
:*Reduced intake of saturated fats (to less than 7% of total calories), trans-fatty acids, and cholesterol (to less than 200mg per day).
:*Adding plant stanol/sterols (2g per day) and/or viscous fiber (greater than 10 g per day) is reasonable to further lower LDL-C.
:*Encouraging consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of fish or in capsule form (1g per day) for risk reduction.
:*Daily physical activity and weight management are recommended for all patients.
:*Moderation of alcohol consumption.
:*Limited sodium intake.


==ACC / AHA Guidelines for cardiovascular risk factor reduction- Lipid management (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).]''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref><ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>==
:'''e.''' If [[triglycerides]] are greater than or equal to 500 mg per dL, therapeutic options to lower the [[triglycerides]] to reduce the risk of [[pancreatitis]] are [[fibrate]] or [[niacin]]; these should be initiated before [[LDL]]-C lowering therapy. The goal is to achieve non–[[HDL]]-C‡ less than 130 mg per dL if possible. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
{{cquote|
 
===Class I===
'''3.''' Drug combinations are beneficial for patients on lipid lowering therapy who are unable to achieve [[LDL]]-C less than 100 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''
'''1.''' [[Low-density lipoprotein]]-lowering therapy in patients with documented or suspected [[CAD]] and [[LDL]] more than or equal to 130 mg/dL, with a target [[LDL]] cholesterol less than or equal to 100 mg per dl. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
===Class IIa===
'''1.''' Dietary therapy with the addition of plant stanol/sterols (2 g per day) and/or viscous fiber (greater than 10 g per day) is reasonable to further lower [[LDL]]-C. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
'''2.''' Recommended lipid management includes assessment of a [[fasting lipid profile]]: ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
:'''a.''' Reduction of [[LDL]]-C to less than 70 mg per dL or high-dose [[statin]] therapy is reasonable. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
 
:'''b.''' If baseline [[LDL]]-C is 70 to 100 mg per dL, it is reasonable to treat LDL-C to less than 70 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


'''2.''' If [[triglycerides]] are 200 to 499 mg per dL, non–[[HDL]]-C‡ should be less than 130 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
:'''c.''' Further reduction of non–[[HDL]]-C‡ to less than 100 mg per dL is reasonable, if [[triglycerides]] are greater than or equal to 200 to 499 mg per dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


'''3.''' If [[triglycerides]] are greater than or equal to 500 mg per dL, therapeutic options to lower the [[triglycerides]] to reduce the risk of [[pancreatitis]] are [[fibrate]] or [[niacin]]; these should be initiated before [[LDL]]-C lowering therapy. The goal is to achieve non–[[HDL]]-C‡ less than 130 mg per dL if possible. ''(Level of Evidence: C)
:'''d.''' Therapeutic options to reduce non–[[HDL]]-C are: ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


'''4.''' Dietary therapy for all patients should include reduced intake of saturated fats (to less than 7% of total calories), trans-fatty acids, and [[cholesterol]] (to less than 200 mg per day). ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
::'''i.''' Niacin can be useful as a therapeutic option to reduce non–[[HDL]]-C (after [[LDL]]-C–lowering therapy)§ or, ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


===Class IIa===
::'''ii.''' [[Fibrate]] therapy as a therapeutic option can be useful to reduce non–[[HDL]]-C‡ (after [[LDL]]-C–lowering therapy). ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''1.''' In patients with documented or suspected [[CAD]] and [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL) cholesterol 100 to 129 mg/dL, several therapeutic options are available: ''(Level of Evidence: B)''


:'''a.''' Lifestyle and/or drug therapies to lower [[LDL]] to less than 100 mg/dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''3.''' The following lipid management strategies can be beneficial: <ref name="pmid15249516">Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15249516 Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.] ''Circulation'' 110 (2):227-39. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15249516 15249516]</ref> ''(Level of Evidence: C)''


:'''b.''' Weight reduction and increased physical activity in persons with the [[metabolic syndrome]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
:'''a.''' If [[LDL]]-C less than 70 mg per dL is the chosen target, consider drug titration to achieve this level to minimize side effects and cost.  


:'''c.''' Institution of treatment of other lipid or nonlipid risk factors; consider use of [[nicotinic acid]] or [[fibrate]] for elevated [[triglycerides]] or low [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) cholesterol. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
:'''b.''' When [[LDL]]-C less than 70 mg per dL is not achievable because of high baseline LDL-C levels, it generally is possible to achieve reductions of greater than 50% in LDL-C levels by either [[statins]] or LDL-C–lowering drug combinations.


'''2.''' Therapy to lower non-[[HDL]] cholesterol in patients with documented or suspected [[CAD]] and [[triglyceride]] levels greater than 200 mg/dL, with a target non-[[HDL]] cholesterol level of less than 130 mg/dL. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''}}
===Class IIb===
'''1.''' For all patients, encouraging consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of fish* or in capsule form (1 g per day) for risk reduction may be reasonable. For treatment of elevated [[triglycerides]], higher doses are usually necessary for risk reduction. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''}}


==See Also==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
*[[The Living Guidelines: Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris | The Chronic Stable Angina Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
*[[The Living Guidelines: Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris | The Chronic Stable Angina Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Sources==
==Sources==
*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>
*Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology <ref name="pmid16735367">{{cite journal| author=Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F et al.| title=Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 11 | pages= 1341-81 | pmid=16735367 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001 | pmc= |url=url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367 [http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-surveys/esc-guidelines/GuidelinesDocuments/guidelines-angina-FT.pdf]}} </ref>
 
*The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid10351980">Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10351980 ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 99 (21):2829-48. [http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2829.full.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10351980 10351980]</ref>


*TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>
*TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid12515758">Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12515758 ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).] ''Circulation'' 107 (1):149-58.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/41/1/159.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/12515758 12515758]</ref>


*The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187930 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187930] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref>
*The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina <ref name="pmid17998462">Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17998462 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina.] ''Circulation'' 116 (23):2762-72.[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/50/23/2264.pdf] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17998462 17998462]</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:45, 21 July 2011

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Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [5] Phone:617-632-7753; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [6]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.; Jinhui Wu, MD

Lipid Management

ACC / AHA Guidelines for cardiovascular risk factor reduction- Lipid management (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3]

“

Class I

1. Dietary therapy for all patients should include reduced intake of saturated fats (to less than 7% of total calories), transfatty acids, and cholesterol (to less than 200 mg per day). (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Recommended lipid management includes assessment of a fasting lipid profile: (Level of Evidence: A)

a. LDL-C should be less than 100 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: A)
b. If baseline LDL-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL-lowering drug therapy should be initiated in addition to therapeutic lifestyle changes. When LDL lowering medications are used in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is recommended that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels.. (Level of Evidence: A)
c. If on-treatment LDL-C is greater than or equal to 100 mg per dL, LDL-lowering drug therapy should be intensified. (Level of Evidence: A)
d. If triglycerides are 200 to 499 mg per dL, non–HDL-C‡ should be less than 130 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: B)
e. If triglycerides are greater than or equal to 500 mg per dL, therapeutic options to lower the triglycerides to reduce the risk of pancreatitis are fibrate or niacin; these should be initiated before LDL-C lowering therapy. The goal is to achieve non–HDL-C‡ less than 130 mg per dL if possible. (Level of Evidence: C)

3. Drug combinations are beneficial for patients on lipid lowering therapy who are unable to achieve LDL-C less than 100 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIa

1. Dietary therapy with the addition of plant stanol/sterols (2 g per day) and/or viscous fiber (greater than 10 g per day) is reasonable to further lower LDL-C. (Level of Evidence: A)

2. Recommended lipid management includes assessment of a fasting lipid profile: (Level of Evidence: A)

a. Reduction of LDL-C to less than 70 mg per dL or high-dose statin therapy is reasonable. (Level of Evidence: A)
b. If baseline LDL-C is 70 to 100 mg per dL, it is reasonable to treat LDL-C to less than 70 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: B)
c. Further reduction of non–HDL-C‡ to less than 100 mg per dL is reasonable, if triglycerides are greater than or equal to 200 to 499 mg per dL. (Level of Evidence: B)
d. Therapeutic options to reduce non–HDL-C are: (Level of Evidence: B)
i. Niacin can be useful as a therapeutic option to reduce non–HDL-C (after LDL-C–lowering therapy)§ or, (Level of Evidence: B)
ii. Fibrate therapy as a therapeutic option can be useful to reduce non–HDL-C‡ (after LDL-C–lowering therapy). (Level of Evidence: B)

3. The following lipid management strategies can be beneficial: [4] (Level of Evidence: C)

a. If LDL-C less than 70 mg per dL is the chosen target, consider drug titration to achieve this level to minimize side effects and cost.
b. When LDL-C less than 70 mg per dL is not achievable because of high baseline LDL-C levels, it generally is possible to achieve reductions of greater than 50% in LDL-C levels by either statins or LDL-C–lowering drug combinations.

Class IIb

1. For all patients, encouraging consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of fish* or in capsule form (1 g per day) for risk reduction may be reasonable. For treatment of elevated triglycerides, higher doses are usually necessary for risk reduction. (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Sources

  • Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology [5]
  • The ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [1]
  • TheACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [2]
  • The 2007 Chronic Angina Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina [3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM et al. (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 99 (21):2829-48. [1] PMID: 10351980
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS et al. (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107 (1):149-58.[2] PMID: 12515758
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fraker TD, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J et al. (2007)2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 116 (23):2762-72.[3] PMID: 17998462
  4. ↑ Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB et al. (2004) Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 110 (2):227-39. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E PMID: 15249516
  5. ↑ Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F; et al. (2006). [url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16735367 [4] "Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology"] Check |url= value (help). Eur Heart J. 27 (11): 1341–81. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001. PMID 16735367.


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