Patent foramen ovale overview: Difference between revisions
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
===Symptoms and sign=== | ===Symptoms and sign=== | ||
Most individuals with [[patent foramen ovale]] are asymptomatic although some may present with rare symptoms like [[migraine]]s, [[stroke]], [[decompression illness]] and platypnoea orthodeoxia syndrome. | |||
===Echocardiography=== | ===Echocardiography=== | ||
Revision as of 18:42, 8 September 2011
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Patent Foramen Ovale Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [3]
Overview
A patent foramen ovale is a communication between the right and left atrium. Despite the communication between the two atrium, it is not considered an atrial septal defect as the septal tissue is not missing.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of Patent foramen ovale has been found to be approximately 30% in different studies.[1]. The incidence decreases with increasing age, but the size increases with age. There is no difference in the incidence associated with gender.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Patent foramen ovale commonly produces no symptoms and may be an incidental finding on echocardiography done for other purposes. In some individuals it might present with complications like stroke, migraine, decompression sickness and platypnoea orthodeoxia syndrome.
Causes
The exact causes for patent foramen ovale is still not clear. However, it has been found to occur with increased frequencies in families and might have some genetic component to it.
Diagnosis
Symptoms and sign
Most individuals with patent foramen ovale are asymptomatic although some may present with rare symptoms like migraines, stroke, decompression illness and platypnoea orthodeoxia syndrome.
Echocardiography
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and transcranial Doppler (TCD) are the commonly used diagnostic tools for patent foramen ovale[2]. Transesophageal echocardiography is more sensitive in visualizing the interatrial septum, than transthoracic echocardiography and is the imaging modality of choice [3], [4]. Echocardiography with bubble study is very helpful in diagnosing a patent foramen ovale.
Treatment
Medical therapy
Percutaneous closure
References
- ↑ Meissner I, Whisnant JP, Khandheria BK, Spittell PC, O'Fallon WM, Pascoe RD; et al. (1999). "Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: the SPARC study. Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Risk in a Community". Mayo Clin Proc. 74 (9): 862–9. PMID 10488786.
- ↑ Sastry S, Daly K, Chengodu T, McCollum C (2007). "Is transcranial Doppler for the detection of venous-to-arterial circulation shunts reproducible?". Cerebrovasc Dis. 23 (5–6): 424–9. doi:10.1159/000101466. PMID 17406112.
- ↑ Thanigaraj S, Valika A, Zajarias A, Lasala JM, Perez JE (2005). "Comparison of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography for detection of right-to-left atrial shunting using agitated saline contrast". Am J Cardiol. 96 (7): 1007–10. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.061. PMID 16188533.
- ↑ Van Camp G, Franken P, Melis P, Cosyns B, Schoors D, Vanoverschelde JL (2000). "Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with second harmonic imaging with transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of right to left shunts". Am J Cardiol. 86 (11): 1284–7, A9. PMID 11090813.