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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.


==Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Myocarditis==
==Overview==
(By organ system)
 
==Causes==
 
==Common Causes==
 
==Causes by Organ System==


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The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common  type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref>.
The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common  type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref>.


=== Causes in Alphabetical Order===
(In alphabetical order)
(In alphabetical order)


Revision as of 14:37, 22 August 2012

Myocarditis Microchapters

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Overview

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Adrenergic Myocarditis
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Causes

Differentiating Myocarditis from other Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute rheumatic fever, Dressler syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, Lead
Dermatologic Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Drug Side Effect Drugs are known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis[1][2][3]. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic myocardial infiltrates may be seen on myocardial biopsy. Some of the common drugs are: Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines, Carbamazepine, Chloramphenicol, Clozapine[4], Cocaine, Cyclophosphamide, Dobutamine[5][6], Methyldopa, Penicillin, Phenytoin, Spironolactone, Streptomycin, Sulfonamides, Tricyclic antidepressants.
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Thyrotoxicosis
Environmental Heatstroke, Scorpion stings, snake bites, bites from black widow spider, wasp venom, tick paralysis
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease[7], Crohn disease, Ulcerative colitis
Genetic Haemochromatosis, Friedreich ataxia
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Inflammatory myocarditis may be seen in post transplant rejection.
Infectious Disease

Viral: The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[8]. Common virus associated with myocarditis are- Adenovirus[9][10], Arbovirus, Coxsackie B[11][12], Cytomegalovirus[9][13], Echovirus, Enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus[9][14], Herpes simplex virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C[15], HIV-1, Influenza[9], Mumps, Parvovirus B19[9][16][17], Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rubeola, Varicella, Variola/vaccinia[18], Viral hepatitis, Yellow fever virus

Bacterial: Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucellosis, Clostridia, Diphtheria, Melioidosis, Meningococci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Psittacosis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Tuberculosis

Fungal: Actinomycosis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Mucormycosis

Parasitic: Balantidiasis, Chagas disease, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Filariasis, Heterophyiasis, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Sarcosporidiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinosis, Trypanosomiasis, Visceral larva migrans

Rickettsial: Q fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Scrub typhus, Typhus fever

Spirochetal: leptospirosis/Weil disease, Lyme disease, relapsing fever/Borrelia, Syphilis

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic Friedreich ataxia
Nutritional / Metabolic Amyloidosis, Haemochromatosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Doxorubicin, Radiation exposure
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Crohn disease, Dressler syndrome, Giant cell myocarditis[19], Kawasaki disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Thyrotoxicosis, Ulcerative colitis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Amyloidosis, Heatstroke, Hyperthermia, Radiation exposure

Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Myocarditis

The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[8].

Causes in Alphabetical Order

(In alphabetical order)

  • Heterophyiasis
  • Radiation exposure
  • Sarcosporidiosis

Drugs known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N (2009). "Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure". Ann Intern Med. 150 (3): 225–6. PMID 19189924.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT (1985). "Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity". Mayo Clin Proc. 60 (7): 463–8. PMID 4010343.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y; et al. (2009). "Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients". Medicine (Baltimore). 88 (3): 131–40. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1. PMID 19440116.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L; et al. (2007). "Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003". Drug Saf. 30 (1): 47–57. PMID 17194170.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Spear GS (1995). "Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion". J Heart Lung Transplant. 14 (4): 755–60. PMID 7578186.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johnson MR (2004). "Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance?". Crit Care Med. 32 (3): 888–90. PMID 15090985.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N; et al. (2002). "Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis". Circulation. 105 (22): 2611–8. PMID 12045166.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R; et al. (2003). "Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (3): 466–72. PMID 12906974.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W; et al. (2005). "Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction". Circulation. 112 (13): 1965–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156. PMID 16172268.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A (1992). "Coxsackievirus myocarditis". Adv Intern Med. 37: 411–29. PMID 1558005.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Grist NR, Bell EJ (1969). "Coxsackie viruses and the heart". Am Heart J. 77 (3): 295–300. PMID 4887187.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cohen JI, Corey GR (1985). "Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host". Medicine (Baltimore). 64 (2): 100–14. PMID 2983175.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G; et al. (2004). "Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy". Circulation. 110 (23): 3534–9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E. PMID 15557377.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S (2000). "Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy". Lab Invest. 80 (7): 1137–42. PMID 10908160.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL; et al. (2010). "Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (7): 739–46. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003. PMC 2902647. PMID 20456978.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (2003). "Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens". Hum Pathol. 34 (5): 497–503. PMID 12792925.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN (2004). "Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review". J Am Coll Cardiol. 43 (9): 1503–10. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053. PMID 15120802.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis". Am J Cardiol. 102 (11): 1535–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041. PMC 2613862. PMID 19026310.

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