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| ==List of warnings==
| | #REDIRECT [[Enalapril#Warnings]] |
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| <font size="4">[[Enalapril warnings#Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions|Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions]]</font>
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| <font size="3">[[Enalapril warnings#Head and Neck Angioedema|Head and Neck Angioedema]]</font>
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| <font size="3">[[Enalapril warnings#Intestinal Angioedema|Intestinal Angioedema]]</font>
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| <font size="3">[[Enalapril warnings#Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization|Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization]]</font>
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| <font size="3">[[Enalapril warnings#Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure|Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure]]</font>
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| <font size="4">[[Enalapril warnings#Hypotension|Hypotension]]</font>
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| <font size="4">[[Enalapril warnings#Neutropenia / Agranulocytosis|Neutropenia / Agranulocytosis]]</font>
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| <font size="4">[[Enalapril warnings#Hepatic Failure|Hepatic Failure]]</font>
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| <font size="4">[[Enalapril warnings#Fetal / Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality|Fetal / Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality]]</font>
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| ----
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| ==Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions==
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| Presumably because angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors affect the metabolism of eicosanoids and polypeptides, including endogenous bradykinin, patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including Enalapril maleate) may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ===Head and Neck Angioedema===
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| Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including Enalapril maleate. This may occur at any time during treatment. In such cases Enalapril maleate should be promptly discontinued and appropriate therapy and monitoring should be provided until complete and sustained resolution of signs and symptoms has occurred. In instances where swelling has been confined to the face and lips the condition has generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g., subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) and/or measures necessary to ensure a patent airway, should be promptly provided.
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| Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor).
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ===Intestinal Angioedema===
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| Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ===Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization===
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| Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera venom while receiving ACE inhibitors sustained life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ===Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure===
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| Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing low-density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ==Hypotension==
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| Excessive hypotension is rare in uncomplicated hypertensive patients treated with Enalapril maleate alone. Patients with heart failure given Enalapril maleate commonly have some reduction in blood pressure, especially with the first dose, but discontinuation of therapy for continuing symptomatic hypotension usually is not necessary when dosing instructions are followed; caution should be observed when initiating therapy. Patients at risk for excessive hypotension, sometimes associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia, and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death, include those with the following conditions or characteristics: heart failure, hyponatremia, high dose diuretic therapy, recent intensive diuresis or increase in diuretic dose, renal dialysis, or severe volume and/or salt depletion of any etiology. It may be advisable to eliminate the diuretic (except in patients with heart failure), reduce the diuretic dose or increase salt intake cautiously before initiating therapy with Enalapril maleate in patients at risk for excessive hypotension who are able to tolerate such adjustments. In patients at risk for excessive hypotension, therapy should be started under very close medical supervision and such patients should be followed closely for the first two weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of Enalapril maleate and/or diuretic is increased. Similar considerations may apply to patients with ischemic heart cerebrovascular disease, in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
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| If excessive hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses of Enalapril maleate, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of Enalapril maleate or concomitant diuretic may be necessary.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ==Neutropenia / Agranulocytosis==
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| Another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrow depression, rarely in uncomplicated patients but more frequently in patients with renal impairment especially if they also have a collagen vascular disease. Available data from clinical trials of Enalapril maleate are insufficient to show that Enalapril maleate does not cause agranulocytosis at similar rates. Marketing experience has revealed cases of neutropenia or agranulocytosis in which a causal relationship to Enalapril maleate cannot be excluded. Periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts in patients with collagen vascular disease and renal disease should be considered.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ==Hepatic Failure==
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| Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis, and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up.
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| ==Fetal / Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality==
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| ACE inhibitors can cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and death when administered to pregnant women. Several dozen cases have been reported in the world literature. When pregnancy is detected, ACE inhibitors should be discontinued as soon as possible.
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| In a published retrospective epidemiological study, infants whose mothers had taken an ACE inhibitor drug during the first trimester of pregnancy appeared to have an increased risk of major congenital malformations compared with infants whose mothers had not undergone first trimester exposure to ACE inhibitor drugs. The number of cases of birth defects is small and the findings of this study have not yet been repeated.
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| The use of ACE inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with fetal and neonatal injury, including hypotension, neonatal skull hypoplasia, anuria, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Oligohydramnios has also been reported, presumably resulting from decreased fetal renal function; [[oligohydramnios]] in this setting has been associated with fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformation, and hypoplastic lung development. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to the ACE inhibitor exposure.
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| These adverse effects do not appear to have resulted from intrauterine ACE inhibitor exposure that has been limited to the first trimester. Mothers whose embryos and fetuses are exposed to ACE inhibitors only during the first trimester should be so informed. Nonetheless, when patients become pregnant, physicians should make every effort to discontinue the use of Enalapril maleate as soon as possible.
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| Rarely (probably less often than once in every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to ACE inhibitors will be found. In these rare cases, the mothers should be appraised of the potential hazards to their fetuses, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intra-amniotic environment.
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| If oligohydramnios is observed, Enalapril maleate should be discontinued unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Contraction stress testing (CST), a non-stress test (NST), or biophysical profiling (BPP) may be appropriate, depending upon the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury.
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| Infants with histories of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for [[hypotension]], [[oliguria]], and [[hyperkalemia]]. If oliguria occurs, attention should be directed toward support of blood pressure and renal perfusion. Exchange transfusion or dialysis may be required as means of reversing hypotension and/or substituting for disordered renal function. Enalapril maleate, which crosses the placenta, has been removed from neonatal circulation by peritoneal dialysis with some clinical benefit, and theoretically may be removed by exchange transfusion, although there is no experience with the latter procedure
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| No teratogenic effects of Enalapril maleate were seen in studies of pregnant rats and rabbits. On a body surface area basis, the doses used were 57 times and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (MRHDD).
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| ''[[Enalapril warnings#List of warnings|Return to top]]''
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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