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{{Chembox new
{{chembox
| ImageFile = Mercurochrome.png
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = M0T18YH28D
| verifiedrevid = 444787469
| ImageFile = Structure of Merbromin.png
| ImageFile1 = Merbromin-3D-vdW.png
| ImageFile1 = Merbromin-3D-vdW.png
| ImageFile2 = Merbromin-Anti-Infective.jpg
| IUPACName = dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein
| IUPACName = dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein
| OtherNames =  
| OtherNames =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|   CASNo = 129-16-8  
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
|   PubChem =  
| ChemSpiderID = 10808965
|   SMILES =  
| ChEMBL = 2097077
|   EINECS = 204-933-6
| InChI = 1/C20H9Br2O5.Hg.2Na.H2O/c21-13-5-11-17(7-15(13)23)27-18-8-16(24)14(22)6-12(18)19(11)9-3-1-2-4-10(9)20(25)26;;;;/h1-7,24H,(H,25,26);;;;1H2/q;3*+1;/p-3/rC20H10Br2HgO6.2Na/c21-12-5-10-15(7-14(12)24)29-19-11(6-13(22)18(25)17(19)23-28)16(10)8-3-1-2-4-9(8)20(26)27;;/h1-7,25,28H,(H,26,27);;/q;2*+1/p-2
  }}
| InChIKey = SQFDQLBYJKFDDO-ISOIBTJNAR
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C20H9Br2O5.Hg.2Na.H2O/c21-13-5-11-17(7-15(13)23)27-18-8-16(24)14(22)6-12(18)19(11)9-3-1-2-4-10(9)20(25)26;;;;/h1-7,24H,(H,25,26);;;;1H2/q;3*+1;/p-3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = SQFDQLBYJKFDDO-UHFFFAOYSA-K
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 129-16-8
| PubChem =
| SMILES = [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)c4ccccc4C=1c3cc(Br)c([O-])c([Hg]O)c3O/C/2=C/C(=O)C(/Br)=C\C=1\2
| EINECS = 204-933-6
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00861
| ATCCode_prefix = D08
| ATCCode_suffix = AK04
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|   Formula = C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>8</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>HgNa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
| Formula = |C=20|H=8|Br=2|Hg=1|Na=2|O=6
|   MolarMass = 804.75 g/mol
| MolarMass =  
|   Appearance = dark green solid
| Appearance = dark green solid
|   Density =  
| Density =
|   MeltingPt =  
| MeltingPt =
|   BoilingPt =  
| BoilingPt =
|   Solubility =  
| Solubility =
  }}
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
|   MainHazards = Toxic, dangerous for the environment
| MainHazards = Toxic, dangerous for the environment
|   FlashPt =  
| FlashPt =
|   Autoignition =  
| Autoignition =
|   SPhrases = {{S13}} {{S28}} {{S36}} {{S45}} {{S60}} {{S61}}
| SPhrases = {{S13}} {{S28}} {{S36}} {{S45}} {{S60}} {{S61}}
|   RPhrases = {{R26}} {{R27}} {{R28}} {{R33}}  
| RPhrases = {{R26}} {{R27}} {{R28}} {{R33}} {{R50}} {{R53}}
  }}
}}
}}
}}
'''Merbromin''' (marketed as '''Mercurochrome''', '''Merbromine''', '''Sodium mercurescein''', '''Asceptichrome''', '''Supercrome''' and '''Cinfacromin''') is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. It is no longer sold in the USA because of its mercury content. Merbromin is an [[organomercury|organomercuric]] disodium salt [[compound]] and a [[fluorescein]].
'''Merbromin''' (marketed as '''Mercurochrome''', '''Merbromine''', '''Sodium mercurescein''', '''Asceptichrome''', '''Supercrome''', '''Brocasept''' and '''Cinfacromin''') is a [[topical]] [[antiseptic]] used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an [[organomercury|organomercuric]] disodium salt [[Chemical compound|compound]] and a [[fluorescein]]. It is readily available in most countries but, because of its [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] content, it is no longer sold in Germany, the United States or France.<ref name="us"/><ref name="de"/><ref name="fr"/>


[[Image:Merbromin-Anti-Infective.jpg|thumb|180px|left|An example of Mercurochrome]]
==Uses==
Merbromin's best-known use is as a topical antiseptic. When applied on a wound, it stains the skin bright red. In the United States, its use has been superseded by other agents (''e.g.'', [[povidone iodine]], [[benzalkonium chloride]], [[chloroxylenol]]).  It is still an important antiseptic, particularly in developing nations, due to its “unbelievably low cost.”<ref name=Mohite>{{cite journal | title = Mercurochrome 1% as an Antiseptic for Burns: Economical - but is it Efficacious and Safe? | author = Mohite, P. N.; Bhatnagar, A. M. | journal = The Internet Journal of Surgery | issn = 1528-8242 | year = 2009 | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | url = http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-surgery/volume-21-number-2/mercurochrome-1-as-an-antiseptic-for-burns-economical-but-is-it-efficacious-and-safe.html | quote = Apart from these qualities, still the most important factor for which mercurochrome has remained the favorite of the physicians in the developing countries is its attractive price. The compound is being sold at unbelievably low cost ... the reasons being the low manufacturing cost, longer shelf life, use in diluted form and importantly less propaganda about its medical use. }}</ref>
 
Merbromin is also used as a biological dye to mark tissue margins and as a metal dye in industrial [[dye penetrant inspection]] to detect metal fractures.
 
==Mercurochrome==
Mercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin.  The name is also commonly used for [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] antiseptic [[solution]]s consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either [[ethanol|ethyl alcohol]] ([[tincture]]) or water ([[aqueous solution|aqueous]]).
 
Its antiseptic qualities were discovered by [[Hugh H. Young]] in 1918, while working at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] as a [[physician]].<ref name=Wilner>{{cite book | author = Wilner, I. | title = The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine | page = 230 | year = 2006 | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 0-06-050549-4 }}</ref> The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, and it was commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard.


==Uses==
The United States [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) moved it from the “generally recognized as safe” classification into the “untested” classification to effectively halt its distribution in the United States on {{#dateformat:October 19, 1998}} over fears of potential [[mercury poisoning]].<ref name="us">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct/FDAMA/ucm100219.htm | work = Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) | title = Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Mercury Compounds in the List | publisher = [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] | date = 2009-04-30 }}</ref> Sales were halted in Germany in 2003,<ref name="de">[[:de:Merbromin]]</ref> and in France in 2006.<ref name="fr">[[:fr:Merbromine]]</ref>  It is readily available in most other countries.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Merbromin's best-known use is as a [[topical]] [[antiseptic]], however it, along with [[Merthiolate]], has been ruled ineffective by the [[Fda|FDA]], and is no longer approved. When applied on a wound, the dark red colour stains the skin, making the detection of any erythema or inflammation, indicative of infection, more difficult.  Merbromin is also used as a biological dye used to mark [[tissue margins]], and as a metal dye in industrial [[dye penetrant inspection]] to detect metal fractures.


==Mercurochrome & Tinctures==
Within the United States, products such as Humco Mercuroclear play on the brand recognition history of Mercurochrome but substitute other ingredients with similar properties (Mercuroclear: "Aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine hydrochloride").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.humco.com/_pdfs/data-sheets/1637-Mercuroclear.pdf |format = pdf | title = Mercuroclear MSDS | publisher = Humco }}</ref>
Mercurochrome is the trade name of merbromin and (usually) of merbromin [[tincture]]s made of merbromin and [[alcohol]] or water (usually 2% merbromin to 98% alcohol or water).


Its antiseptic qualities were discovered by [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] [[Physician|doctor]] [[Hugh H. Young]] in [[1919]]. The chemical soon became popular among parents and doctors for everyday antiseptic uses and it was very commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard. The [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) removed it from the "generally recognized as safe"  and into the 'untested' classification to effectively halt its distribution in the [[United States]] in 1998 over fears of potential [[mercury poisoning]]. It is readily available in most other countries.
== See also ==
* [[Thiomersal]], also known as Thimerosal or Merthiolate


==External links==
==References==
*[http://www.mercurochrome.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Mercurochrome.org, a group trying to reverse the FDA ban]
{{reflist}}


{{Mercury compounds}}
{{Antiseptics and disinfectants}}
{{Antiseptics and disinfectants}}


[[Category:Antiseptics]]
[[Category:Antiseptics]]
[[Category:Mercury compounds]]
[[Category:Oxygen heterocycles]]
[[Category:Organobromides]]
[[Category:Organobromides]]
[[Category:Fluorone dyes]]
[[Category:Fluorone dyes]]
 
[[Category:Organomercury compounds]]
[[da:Børnejod]]
[[de:Antiseptikum#Mercuchrom]]
[[fr:Mercurochrome]]
[[it:Mercurocromo]]
[[hu:Merbromin]]
[[nl:Merbromine]]
[[ja:マーキュロクロム液]]
[[pt:Mercurocromo]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 20:43, 12 April 2015

Template:Chembox ECNumberTemplate:Chembox E numberTemplate:Chembox AppearanceTemplate:Chembox MainHazardsTemplate:Chembox RPhrasesTemplate:Chembox SPhrases
Merbromin
Names
IUPAC name
dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
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KEGG
Properties
C20H8Br2HgNa2O6
Molar mass 750.66 g·mol−1
Hazards
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☑Y verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Merbromin (marketed as Mercurochrome, Merbromine, Sodium mercurescein, Asceptichrome, Supercrome, Brocasept and Cinfacromin) is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an organomercuric disodium salt compound and a fluorescein. It is readily available in most countries but, because of its mercury content, it is no longer sold in Germany, the United States or France.[1][2][3]

Uses

Merbromin's best-known use is as a topical antiseptic. When applied on a wound, it stains the skin bright red. In the United States, its use has been superseded by other agents (e.g., povidone iodine, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol). It is still an important antiseptic, particularly in developing nations, due to its “unbelievably low cost.”[4]

Merbromin is also used as a biological dye to mark tissue margins and as a metal dye in industrial dye penetrant inspection to detect metal fractures.

Mercurochrome

Mercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin. The name is also commonly used for over-the-counter antiseptic solutions consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either ethyl alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous).

Its antiseptic qualities were discovered by Hugh H. Young in 1918, while working at Johns Hopkins Hospital as a physician.[5] The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, and it was commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) moved it from the “generally recognized as safe” classification into the “untested” classification to effectively halt its distribution in the United States on October 19, 1998 over fears of potential mercury poisoning.[1] Sales were halted in Germany in 2003,[2] and in France in 2006.[3] It is readily available in most other countries.[citation needed]

Within the United States, products such as Humco Mercuroclear play on the brand recognition history of Mercurochrome but substitute other ingredients with similar properties (Mercuroclear: "Aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine hydrochloride").[6]

See also

  • Thiomersal, also known as Thimerosal or Merthiolate

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Mercury Compounds in the List". Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009-04-30.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 de:Merbromin
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 fr:Merbromine
  4. ↑ Mohite, P. N.; Bhatnagar, A. M. (2009). "Mercurochrome 1% as an Antiseptic for Burns: Economical - but is it Efficacious and Safe?". The Internet Journal of Surgery. 21 (2). ISSN 1528-8242. Apart from these qualities, still the most important factor for which mercurochrome has remained the favorite of the physicians in the developing countries is its attractive price. The compound is being sold at unbelievably low cost ... the reasons being the low manufacturing cost, longer shelf life, use in diluted form and importantly less propaganda about its medical use.
  5. ↑ Wilner, I. (2006). The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine. Harper Collins. p. 230. ISBN 0-06-050549-4.
  6. ↑ "Mercuroclear MSDS" (pdf). Humco.

Template:Mercury compounds Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants

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