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==[[Paraneoplastic syndrome classification|Classification]]==
==[[Paraneoplastic syndrome classification|Classification]]==
Paraneoplastic syndromes can be divided into 4 main categories:
* Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208889">{{cite journal |author=Cohen PR, Kurzrock R |title=Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=334–59 |year=1997 |pmid=9208889 |doi=}}</ref>
** [[Dermatomyositis]] (25-50% of adult patients have an underlying malignancy)
** [[Leser-Trelat sign|Leser-Trélat sign]], a sudden onset of many pigmented skin lesions
** [[Acanthosis nigricans]]
** [[Necrolytic migratory erythema]]
** [[Sweet's syndrome]]
** [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
* Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes <ref>{{MeshName|Nervous+system+paraneoplastic+syndromes}}</ref>
** [[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]] associated with lung, ovarian, breast, lymphatic, and other cancers
** [[Encephalomyelitis]] (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)
** [[Limbic encephalitis]]
** Brainstem encephalitis
** [[Opsoclonus]] (involving eye movement)
** [[Encephalitis]] triggered by a [[teratoma]]<ref name="pmid17262855">{{cite journal |author=Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, ''et al'' |title=Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17262855 |pmc=2430743 |doi=10.1002/ana.21050 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Polymyositis]]
** [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] (LEMS) in small-cell [[lung cancer]]
* Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208888">{{cite journal |author=Staszewski H |title=Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=329–33 |year=1997 |pmid=9208888 |doi=}}</ref>
** [[Granulocytosis]] (increased [[granulocyte]]s) due to the production of [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]]
* Endocrine metabolic syndromes<ref>{{MeshName|Paraneoplastic+endocrine+syndromes}}</ref>
** [[Hypercalcemia]] in [[breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]] (typically squamous cell) due to the production of [[Parathyroid hormone-related protein|PTHrP]] (Parathyroid hormone-related protein)
** [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]] associated w/ lung and CNS malignancies, typically [[small_cell_carcinoma|small cell]].
** Ectopic [[ACTH]] secretion associated with [[small_cell_carcinoma|small-cell lung cancer]], [[carcinoid tumor]], [[thymoma]] and other cancers
** [[Tumor induced osteomalacia]]
* Others that may not fit into any of the above categories include:
** [[Membranous glomerulonephritis]]


==[[Paraneoplastic syndrome history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]]==
==[[Paraneoplastic syndrome history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]]==

Revision as of 19:56, 20 January 2012

Paraneoplastic syndrome
DiseasesDB 2064
MeSH D010257

Paraneoplastic syndrome Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Endocrine
Musculocutaneous
Neurological
Hematological
Others

Causes

Differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Classification

History & Symptoms

A particularly devastating form of paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs).[1] These paraneoplastic disorders affect the brain and central nervous system and they are degenerative. Symptoms of paraneoplastic neurological disorders include ataxia (difficulty with walking and balance), dizziness, nystagmus (rapid uncontrolled eye movements), difficulty swallowing, loss of muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination, slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances, dementia, seizures, sensory loss in the limbs.

The most common cancers associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders are breast, ovarian and lung cancer, but many other cancers have been linked to PNDs as well.

Medical Therapy

Treatment options include:

  1. Therapies to eliminate the underlying cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgery, and
  2. Therapies to reduce or slow neurological degeneration. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is critical for the patient to have the best chance of recovery. Since these disorders are relatively rare, few doctors have seen or treated PNDs. Therefore, it is important that PND patients consult with a specialist with experience in diagnosing and treating paraneoplastic neurological disorders.

Organizations

The International Paraneoplastic Association (IPA) is an organization dedicated to providing support and information to those affected by paraneoplastic neurological disorders.

References

  1. ↑ Rees JH (2004). "Paraneoplastic syndromes: when to suspect, how to confirm, and how to manage". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 75 Suppl 2: ii43–50. PMID 15146039.

External links

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