West nile virus screening: Difference between revisions

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[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf]
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf]


==Surveillance methods==
===Screening of blood products===
 
Following the discovery of WNV transmission by blood transfusions, WNV blood donor screening is currently performed using nucleic acid testing (NAT). Other screening methods for blood products are not recommended because WNV may only infect recipients if donors are acutely infected. A minipool nucleic acid testing program (MP NAT) is currently implemented to detect WNV viremia among donors. Patients with positive results may not donate blood for at least 120 days.<ref name="pmid16079368">{{cite journal| author=Stramer SL, Fang CT, Foster GA, Wagner AG, Brodsky JP, Dodd RY| title=West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 5 | pages= 451-9 | pmid=16079368 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa044333 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16079368  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16079369">{{cite journal| author=Busch MP, Caglioti S, Robertson EF, McAuley JD, Tobler LH, Kamel H et al.| title=Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 5 | pages= 460-7 | pmid=16079369 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa044029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16079369  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15819665">{{cite journal| author=Kleinman S, Glynn SA, Busch M, Todd D, Powell L, Pietrelli L et al.| title=The 2003 West Nile virus United States epidemic: the America's Blood Centers experience. | journal=Transfusion | year= 2005 | volume= 45 | issue= 4 | pages= 469-79 | pmid=15819665 | doi=10.1111/j.0041-1132.2005.04315.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15819665  }} </ref>
West Nile virus can be sampled from the environment by the [[pooling]] of trapped mosquitoes, testing avian blood samples drawn from wild birds and sentinel monkeys, as well as testing brains of dead birds found by various animal control agencies and the public. Testing of the mosquito samples requires the use of [[RT-PCR]] to directly amplify and show the presence of virus in the submitted samples. When using the blood sera of wild bird and sentinel chickens, samples must be tested for the presence of West Nile virus [[antibodies]] by use of [[immunohistochemistry]] (IHC)<ref>{{cite journal | first = M | last = Jozan | coauthors = Evans R, McLean R, Hall R, Tangredi B, Reed L, Scott J | year = 2003 | month = Fall | title = Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry | journal = Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 99-110 | id = PMID 14511579}}</ref> or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).<ref>{{cite journal | first = RA | last = Hall | coauthors = Broom AK, Hartnett AC, Howard MJ, Mackenzie JS | year = 1995 | month = Feb | title = Immunodominant epitopes on the NS1 protein of MVE and KUN viruses serve as targets for a blocking ELISA to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum | journal = Journal of Virological Methods | volume = 51 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 201-10 | id = PMID 7738140}}</ref>
 
Dead birds, after [[necropsy]], have their various tissues tested for virus by either [[RT-PCR]] or immunohistochemistry, where virus shows up as brown stained tissue because of a substrate-[[enzyme]] reaction.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 22:12, 11 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Screening

Commercial kits for human serologic diagnosis of WNV infection are currently in development. Until these kits are available, the CDC-defined IgM and IgG ELISA should be the front-line tests for serum and CSF.46-48 These ELISA tests are the most sensitive screening assays available. The HI and indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test may also be used to screen samples for flavivirus antibodies. [2]

Screening of blood products

Following the discovery of WNV transmission by blood transfusions, WNV blood donor screening is currently performed using nucleic acid testing (NAT). Other screening methods for blood products are not recommended because WNV may only infect recipients if donors are acutely infected. A minipool nucleic acid testing program (MP NAT) is currently implemented to detect WNV viremia among donors. Patients with positive results may not donate blood for at least 120 days.[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ Stramer SL, Fang CT, Foster GA, Wagner AG, Brodsky JP, Dodd RY (2005). "West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004". N Engl J Med. 353 (5): 451–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044333. PMID 16079368.
  2. ↑ Busch MP, Caglioti S, Robertson EF, McAuley JD, Tobler LH, Kamel H; et al. (2005). "Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing". N Engl J Med. 353 (5): 460–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044029. PMID 16079369.
  3. ↑ Kleinman S, Glynn SA, Busch M, Todd D, Powell L, Pietrelli L; et al. (2005). "The 2003 West Nile virus United States epidemic: the America's Blood Centers experience". Transfusion. 45 (4): 469–79. doi:10.1111/j.0041-1132.2005.04315.x. PMID 15819665.


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