Cholera risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Choleria is a severe bacterial gastrointestinal, diarrheal disease. In its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. A healthy person may become [[hypotension|hypotensive]] within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided. More commonly, the disease progresses from the first liquid stool to shock in 4-12 hours, with death following in 18 hours to several days without [[rehydration]] treatment.<ref name=McLeod_2000>{{cite journal |author=McLeod K |title=Our sense of Snow: John Snow in medical geography |journal=Soc Sci Med |volume=50 |issue=7-8 |pages=923-35 |year=2000 |pmid = 10714917}}</ref><ref> WHO Cholera [http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html]</ref> | Choleria is a severe bacterial gastrointestinal, diarrheal disease. In its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. A healthy person may become [[hypotension|hypotensive]] within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided. More commonly, the disease progresses from the first liquid stool to shock in 4-12 hours, with death following in 18 hours to several days without [[rehydration]] treatment.<ref name=McLeod_2000>{{cite journal |author=McLeod K |title=Our sense of Snow: John Snow in medical geography |journal=Soc Sci Med |volume=50 |issue=7-8 |pages=923-35 |year=2000 |pmid = 10714917}}</ref><ref> WHO Cholera [http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html]</ref> | ||
==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | ===Blood group=== | ||
* Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | |||
===Decreased gastric acidity=== | |||
* As from the use of [[antacid]]s) | |||
===Decreased Immunity=== | |||
* A weakened [[immune system]] | |||
* [[Malnutrition|Malnourished]]. | |||
===Genetics=== | |||
It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
Choleria is a severe bacterial gastrointestinal, diarrheal disease. In its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. A healthy person may become hypotensive within an hour of the onset of symptoms and may die within 2-3 hours if no treatment is provided. More commonly, the disease progresses from the first liquid stool to shock in 4-12 hours, with death following in 18 hours to several days without rehydration treatment.[1][2]
Risk factors
Blood group
- Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by their blood type: Those with type O blood are the most susceptible,[3][4] while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B.
Decreased gastric acidity
- As from the use of antacids)
Decreased Immunity
- A weakened immune system
- Malnourished.
Genetics
It has also been hypothesized that the cystic fibrosis genetic mutation has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: heterozygous carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to V. cholerae infections.[5] In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the gastrointestinal epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection.
References
- ↑ McLeod K (2000). "Our sense of Snow: John Snow in medical geography". Soc Sci Med. 50 (7–8): 923–35. PMID 10714917.
- ↑ WHO Cholera [1]
- ↑ Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L (1994). "Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic". J Infect Dis. 170 (2): 468–72. PMID 8035040.
- ↑ Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S (2005). "Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity". Infect Immun. 73 (11): 7422–7. PMID 16239542.
- ↑ Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (1996). "Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations". Ciba Found Symp. 197: 97–114, discussion 114-8. PMID 8827370.