Mitral regurgitation differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [3]

Differentiating Mitral Regurgitation from Tricuspid Regurgitation and Ventricular Septal Defects

Physical Examination

All the three cardiac conditions have holosystolic murmur on auscultation. But they can be differentiated by characteristics of the murmur detailed below:

Mitral Regurgitation	Tricuspid Regurgitation	VSD
The murmur in mitral regurgitation is high pitched and best heard at the apex with diaphragm of the stethoscope with patient in the lateral decubitus position. Left ventricular function can be assessed by determining the apical impulse. A normal or hyperdynamic apical impulse suggests good ejection fraction and primary mitral regurgitation. A displaced and sustained apical impulse suggests decreased ejection fraction and chronic and severe mitral regurgitation.	Can be best heard over the fourth intercostal area at left sternal border. The intensity can be accentuated following inspiration (Carvallo's sign) due to increased regurgitant flow in right ventricular volume. Tricuspid regurgitation is most often secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Primary tricuspid regurgitation is less common and can be due to bacterial endocarditis following IV drug use, Ebstein's anomaly, carcinoid disease, or prior right ventricular infarction.	The holosystolic murmur can be best heard over the left third and fourth intercostal spaces and along the sternal border. When the shunt becomes reversed ("Eisenmenger's syndrome"), the murmur may be absent and S2 can become markedly accentuated and single.

Echocardiography

The above three cardiac conditions can also be differentiated more definitively using echocardiography where the echogenicity of blood flow across the defective valves or septum can be visualized and the severity can be quantified.