Aortic sclerosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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:*[[ESRD|End-stage renal disease]] on [[Dialysis|maintenance dialysis]].<ref name="pmid1554541">{{cite journal |author=Straumann E, Meyer B, Misteli M, Blumberg A, Jenzer HR |title=Aortic and mitral valve disease in patients with end stage renal failure on long-term haemodialysis |journal=[[British Heart Journal]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |year=1992 |month=March |pmid=1554541 |pmc=1024798 |doi= |url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1554541 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817230">{{cite journal |author=Stinebaugh J, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Cassidy MM, Figueroa JE |title=Doppler echocardiographic assessment of valvular heart disease in patients requiring hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease |journal=[[Southern Medical Journal]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |year=1995 |month=January |pmid=7817230 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=88&issue=1&spage=65 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref> | :*[[ESRD|End-stage renal disease]] on [[Dialysis|maintenance dialysis]].<ref name="pmid1554541">{{cite journal |author=Straumann E, Meyer B, Misteli M, Blumberg A, Jenzer HR |title=Aortic and mitral valve disease in patients with end stage renal failure on long-term haemodialysis |journal=[[British Heart Journal]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |year=1992 |month=March |pmid=1554541 |pmc=1024798 |doi= |url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1554541 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817230">{{cite journal |author=Stinebaugh J, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Cassidy MM, Figueroa JE |title=Doppler echocardiographic assessment of valvular heart disease in patients requiring hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease |journal=[[Southern Medical Journal]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=65–71 |year=1995 |month=January |pmid=7817230 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=88&issue=1&spage=65 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref> | ||
*In addition to | *In addition to traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, the presence of '''''multiple calcium deposits in the mitral annulus''''', aortic valve or aortic root have been shown to be a predictor of [[coronary artery disease]] among elderly patients.<ref name="pmid11738305">{{cite journal |author=Jeon DS, Atar S, Brasch AV, Luo H, Mirocha J, Naqvi TZ, Kraus R, Berman DS, Siegel RJ |title=Association of mitral annulus calcification, aortic valve sclerosis and aortic root calcification with abnormal myocardial perfusion single photon emission tomography in subjects age < or &#61;65 years old |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1988–93 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11738305 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109701016783 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref><ref name="pmid12505585">{{cite journal |author=Faggiano P, Antonini-Canterin F, Erlicher A, Romeo C, Cervesato E, Pavan D, Piazza R, Huang G, Nicolosi GL |title=Progression of aortic valve sclerosis to aortic stenosis |journal=[[The American Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=99–101 |year=2003 |month=January |pmid=12505585 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914902030114 |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref> Among [[diabetes|diabetics]] with [[renal dysfunction|impaired kidney function]], the incidence of mitral valve sclerosis is much higher than the incidence of [[aortic sclerosis]].<ref name="pmid17720520">{{cite journal |author=Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Katz R, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM, Probstfield JL, Takasu J, Detrano R, O'Brien KD |title=Kidney function and aortic valve and mitral annular calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) |journal=[[American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=412–20 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17720520 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.05.020 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272-6386(07)00892-X |accessdate=2012-04-10}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 01:51, 11 April 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Aortic sclerosis is non-obstructive degeneration of the aortic valve that presents predominantly in patients over 65 years of age who have risk factors for coronary artery disease. Because aortic sclerosis is associated with coronary artery disease risk factors, it is also associated with a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction even in the absence of hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. However, it remains unclear whether aortic sclerosis is independently associated with risk or merely a marker of coexistent cardiovascular risk factors.[1]
Risk Factors
- Based on a large cohort study,[2] independent clinical factors associated with aortic sclerosis include:
- Age (twofold increased risk for each 10-year increase in age)
- Male gender (twofold excess risk)
- Present smoking (35% increase in risk)
- History of hypertension (20% increase in risk) with subsequent left ventricular hypertrophy [3]
- Height
- Elevated lipoprotein(a) and elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
- End-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis.[4][5]
- In addition to traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, the presence of multiple calcium deposits in the mitral annulus, aortic valve or aortic root have been shown to be a predictor of coronary artery disease among elderly patients.[6][7] Among diabetics with impaired kidney function, the incidence of mitral valve sclerosis is much higher than the incidence of aortic sclerosis.[8]
References
- ↑ Gharacholou SM, Karon BL, Shub C, Pellikka PA (2011). "Aortic valve sclerosis and clinical outcomes: moving toward a definition". The American Journal of Medicine. 124 (2): 103–10. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.10.012. PMID 21295189. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, Kitzman DW, Otto CM (1997). "Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 29 (3): 630–4. PMID 9060903. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Bella JN, Gerdts E, Palmieri V, Nieminen MS, Smith G, Ibsen H, Devereux RB (2005). "Aortic valve sclerosis relates to cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension (a LIFE substudy)". The American Journal of Cardiology. 95 (1): 132–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.080. PMID 15619412. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Straumann E, Meyer B, Misteli M, Blumberg A, Jenzer HR (1992). "Aortic and mitral valve disease in patients with end stage renal failure on long-term haemodialysis". British Heart Journal. 67 (3): 236–9. PMC 1024798. PMID 1554541. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Stinebaugh J, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Cassidy MM, Figueroa JE (1995). "Doppler echocardiographic assessment of valvular heart disease in patients requiring hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease". Southern Medical Journal. 88 (1): 65–71. PMID 7817230. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Jeon DS, Atar S, Brasch AV, Luo H, Mirocha J, Naqvi TZ, Kraus R, Berman DS, Siegel RJ (2001). "Association of mitral annulus calcification, aortic valve sclerosis and aortic root calcification with abnormal myocardial perfusion single photon emission tomography in subjects age < or =65 years old". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 38 (7): 1988–93. PMID 11738305. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Faggiano P, Antonini-Canterin F, Erlicher A, Romeo C, Cervesato E, Pavan D, Piazza R, Huang G, Nicolosi GL (2003). "Progression of aortic valve sclerosis to aortic stenosis". The American Journal of Cardiology. 91 (1): 99–101. PMID 12505585. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Katz R, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM, Probstfield JL, Takasu J, Detrano R, O'Brien KD (2007). "Kidney function and aortic valve and mitral annular calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)". American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 50 (3): 412–20. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.05.020. PMID 17720520. Retrieved 2012-04-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)