Cardiac catheterization

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

History

Main article: History of invasive and interventional cardiology

The history of cardiac catheterization dates back to Claude Bernard (1813-1878), who used it on animal models. Clinical application of cardiac catheterization begins with Werner Forssmann in the 1930s, who inserted a catheter into the vein of his own forearm, guided it fluoroscopically into his right atrium, and took an X-ray picture of it. Forssmann won the Nobel Prize for this achievement. During World War II, André Frédéric Cournand and his colleagues developed techniques for left and right heart catheterization.

Indications for investigational use

This technique has several goals:

• confirm the presence of a suspected heart ailment
• quantify the severity of the disease and its effect on the heart
• seek out the cause of a symptom such as shortness of breath or signs of cardiac insufficiency
• make a patient assessment prior to heart surgery

Investigative techniques used with cardiac catheterization

A probe that is opaque to X-rays is inserted into the left or right chambers of the heart for the following reasons:

• to measure intracardiac and intravascular blood pressures
• to take tissue samples for biopsy
• to inject various agents for measuring blood flow in the heart; also to detect and quantify the presence of an intracardiac shunt
• to inject contrast agents in order to study the shape of the heart vessels and chambers and how they change as the heart beats

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